http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q7iLPnDCQ1g
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yAsDLGjMhFI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Us-TVg40ExM
Acto seguido al derrocamiento del ahora finado Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak, las medidas emergentes que a nivel constitucional fueron instrumentadas al arribar al poder La Hermandad Musulmana deben permitir la fluidez inherente a la adecuación de las demandas del pueblo --que ya sufre "la cruda" revolucionaria-- en forma y manera democrática, sin que las riendas asidas por Mohammed Mursi Isa Al-Ayyat --quien sin someterse del todo cual ciega mansedumbre de siervo de la nación--, mediante su convocatoria, se traduzcan en intentonas totalitarias o absolutistas a ultranza el arcaico Supremo Poder Conservador; enalteciendo al través de su coempatía, desde luego, el sano Principio de División de Poderes que caracteriza a todo gobierno y sistema que jactese ser democrático, impregnando su coactuar en defensa de la soberanía de la Republica Árabe de Egipto, misma que reside en el elemento humano del Estado: su pueblo...
"Constitutional Declaration 2011 (Egypt)*
Cabe destacar que atentos los anales socio-jurídico-político-constitucionales de Egipto, su pueblo ha venido reconociendo la tradición del Derecho Islámico y el Código Napoleónico, mismo sistema jurídico cuya hibridación facilita la expedites de la coadyuvancia que se deben los tres Poderes: Ejecutivo, Legislativo y Judicial, acorde con el referido Principio en que se inspirara Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu.
Los/las manifestantes opositores (as) al polémico Decreto --que se dice es la fuente doméstica del conflicto-- del índice del Presidente Mursi y líder de la Hermandad Musulmana, si no son mayoría, no deben anteponer sus intereses si éstos no propician el robustecimiento de sus núcleos familiares, asi como el reconocimiento de la unidad y la cofraternidad de los pueblos musulmanes, privilegiando ante todo el diálogo frente a la violencia y al uso indiscriminado de armas de cualesquier índole, a fin de evitar la "acostumbrada" intromisión-injerencista-occidental-desestabilizadora de U.S.-NATO, y en aras no sólo de mediar, facilitar y alcanzar sendos acuerdos de paz en las latitudes en que sea necesario; a guisa de ejemplo: Siria, Israel y Palestina...
Si el pueblo egipcio renunciara a su espíritu revolucionario, equivaldría a renunciar a su soberanía, por lo que entonces correría el riesgo de algún día... tener que "pedir permiso" para calzar las sandalias (Made in Fukushima) y echarse a la mar a pescar en su propias aguas jurisdiccionales... (sic)
Después de todo, no existe en el mundo antecedente alguno de parto sin dolor, esa es la labor y el objetivo del Espíritu del efímero Poder Constituyente: dar a luz a esa hermosa criatura prebautizada y llamada Carta Magna, un Código Supremo, una Constitución que consigne los Sentimientos de la Nación... si así lo deseare el pueblo egipcio --previo su 'national-insight'--: bien podría evitar la cesárea, sin perjuicio de la pericia y el talante del cirujano gineco-obstetra...
PD.: Quizás con singular desatino y tal cual este ocioso tecleador se los explicara a sus entrañables alumno(as) de Derecho Constitucional: el Espíritu del pasajero Poder Constituyente actúa como albacea del pueblo, quien ha dictado su "última voluntad" en forma pomenorizada, legando para sí, previo su 'renacimiento', una Carta Magna en dichos términos; hecho lo anterior, el Poder Constituyente fenece, sobreviviendo su Espíritu en el consciente e inconsciente de ese pueblo renovado, quien refrenda su solidaridad, independencia y soberanía...
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_BmzLnUDgPc
"Constitutional Declaration 2011 (Egypt)*
"Article 3: Sovereignty is from the people only, and the people are the source of authority. The people practice this sovereignty and protect it, safeguarding national unity.
Article 4: Citizens have the right to form associations, unions, syndicates, and parties, according to the law. It is forbidden to form associations whose activities are opposed to the order of society or secret or militaristic in nature. It is not permitted to directly engage in political activity or form political parties on the basis of religion, race or origin."
Cabe destacar que atentos los anales socio-jurídico-político-constitucionales de Egipto, su pueblo ha venido reconociendo la tradición del Derecho Islámico y el Código Napoleónico, mismo sistema jurídico cuya hibridación facilita la expedites de la coadyuvancia que se deben los tres Poderes: Ejecutivo, Legislativo y Judicial, acorde con el referido Principio en que se inspirara Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu.
Los/las manifestantes opositores (as) al polémico Decreto --que se dice es la fuente doméstica del conflicto-- del índice del Presidente Mursi y líder de la Hermandad Musulmana, si no son mayoría, no deben anteponer sus intereses si éstos no propician el robustecimiento de sus núcleos familiares, asi como el reconocimiento de la unidad y la cofraternidad de los pueblos musulmanes, privilegiando ante todo el diálogo frente a la violencia y al uso indiscriminado de armas de cualesquier índole, a fin de evitar la "acostumbrada" intromisión-injerencista-occidental-desestabilizadora de U.S.-NATO, y en aras no sólo de mediar, facilitar y alcanzar sendos acuerdos de paz en las latitudes en que sea necesario; a guisa de ejemplo: Siria, Israel y Palestina...
Si el pueblo egipcio renunciara a su espíritu revolucionario, equivaldría a renunciar a su soberanía, por lo que entonces correría el riesgo de algún día... tener que "pedir permiso" para calzar las sandalias (Made in Fukushima) y echarse a la mar a pescar en su propias aguas jurisdiccionales... (sic)
Después de todo, no existe en el mundo antecedente alguno de parto sin dolor, esa es la labor y el objetivo del Espíritu del efímero Poder Constituyente: dar a luz a esa hermosa criatura prebautizada y llamada Carta Magna, un Código Supremo, una Constitución que consigne los Sentimientos de la Nación... si así lo deseare el pueblo egipcio --previo su 'national-insight'--: bien podría evitar la cesárea, sin perjuicio de la pericia y el talante del cirujano gineco-obstetra...
PD.: Quizás con singular desatino y tal cual este ocioso tecleador se los explicara a sus entrañables alumno(as) de Derecho Constitucional: el Espíritu del pasajero Poder Constituyente actúa como albacea del pueblo, quien ha dictado su "última voluntad" en forma pomenorizada, legando para sí, previo su 'renacimiento', una Carta Magna en dichos términos; hecho lo anterior, el Poder Constituyente fenece, sobreviviendo su Espíritu en el consciente e inconsciente de ese pueblo renovado, quien refrenda su solidaridad, independencia y soberanía...
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_BmzLnUDgPc
---
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-F06QYhOikc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ni_mS4cKPXY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YTKNZDjSaXQ&feature=relmfu
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAP2I-t3FGs
---
"Constitutional Declaration 2011 (Egypt)*
Article 25: The president of the state is the president of the republic. He/She shall assert the sovereignty of the people, respect for the constitution and sovereignty of the law, and defense of national unity and social justice, according to means stipulated in this Announcement and the law. He/She shall undertake upon assuming his/her position responsibilities referred to in Article 56 of this Announcement, except for what is stipulated in provisions 1 and 2 of the Article.
Article 56: The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces deals with the administration of the affairs of the country. To achieve this, it has directly the following authorities:
- Legislation
- Issuing public policy for the state and the public budget and ensuring its implementation
- Appointing the appointed members of the People’s Assembly
- Calling the People’s Assembly and the Shura Council to enter into normal session, adjourn, or hold an extraordinary session, and adjourn said session.
- The right to promulgate laws or object to them.
- Represent the state domestically and abroad, sign international treaties and agreements, and be considered a part of the legal system of the state.
- Appoint the head of the cabinet and his/her deputies and ministers and their deputies, as well as relieve them of their duties.
- Appoint civilian and military employees and political representatives, as well as dismiss them according to the law; accredit foreign political representatives.
- Pardon or reduce punishment, though blanket amnesty is granted only by law.
- Other authorities and responsibilities as determined by the president of the republic pursuant to laws and regulations. The Council shall have the power to delegate its head or one of its members to take on its responsibilities."
---
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WezmIpKWDcI
---
El gato disponese a voltear las castañas que ya crujen sobre el ardiente comal...
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvnWuOjJDh4
---
The Associated Press
Egypt's justice minister: Resolution is imminent in dispute over President Morsi's consolidation of powers: http://apne.ws/UnsscY -EC
Eligio Del Awiizotl
---
Eligio Del Awiizotl@EligioAwiizotl
---
"La medida
es temporal, asegura su vocero; la oposición afina protestas en todo el país
El
mandatario se reunió con la jerarquía judicial para amainar la rebelión
Cientos de egipcios participaron en el funeral de Gaber
Salah, un joven que murió en los enfrentamientos con las fuerzas de seguridad en
El Cairo la semana pasada. La crisis política fue desencadenada por el anuncio,
el jueves pasado, de que el presidente Mohamed Mursi se adjudicaba poderes
ampliados, lo que en los hechos impide toda demanda ante la justicia contra sus
decisiones Foto Ap"
"Partidarios del presidente de Egipto suspenden hoy marcha para evitar la
confrontación
Mursi ratifica sus nuevos poderes tras reunirse con la cúpula
judicial
Un tribunal de El Cairo estudiará pedidos para anular el polémico decreto del
gobernante islamita
Manifestantes expresaron ayer en la Plaza Tharir su repudio
al presidente egipcio, Mohamed Mursi, durante el funeral de un compañero que
murió en enfrentamientos con las fuerzas de seguridad en días pasadosFoto Ap
Afp, Xinhua, Reuters y The Independent
Periódico La Jornada
Martes 27 de noviembre de 2012, p.
21
El Cairo, 26 de noviembre. El presidente
egipcio, Mohamed Mursi, mantuvo sin cambios el controvertido decreto que amplía
sus poderes tras un encuentro hoy con la jerarquía judicial del país, con el fin
de intentar salir de la crisis política más grave desde su elección el pasado 24
de junio, en la víspera de protestas de la oposición convocadas en todo
Egipto.
Los partidarios del mandatario islamita anularon la noche de este lunes su
llamado a manifestarse este martes para
evitar enfrentamientoscon los inconformes. Los disturbios que sacuden al país desde el jueves pasado han dejado dos muertos.
El presidente sostuvo una reunión con los miembros del Consejo Judicial Supremo y no se hizo ningún cambio al decreto, aunque sí expresó su respeto por la autoridad judicial, indicó a la prensa Yasser Alí, vocero de la presidencia egipcia, quien aseguró nuevamente que la medida es temporal y no permanente.
Alí señaló que en cuanto al tema de la inmunidad de las decisiones
presidenciales,
lo que se contempla son las vinculadas con asuntos de soberanía. El presidente y el Consejo Judicial Supremo confirmaron su deseo de no tener conflictos ni diferencias.
Antes del encuentro el ministro de Justicia, Ahmed Mekki, sugirió que Mursi
está dispuesto a restringir el ámbito de sus decisiones que escapan a todo
recurso ante la justicia, para calmar la rebelión de los magistrados que el
domingo se declararon en huelga.
Pero incluso antes de que comenzara la reunión, un tribunal administrativo de
El Cairo anunció que estudiará el 4 de diciembre los pedidos de anulación del
controvertido decreto.
Mohamed El Baradei, uno de los más importantes líderes del sector laico y
liberal, exigió nuevamente
la retirada pura y simplede esas medidas.
Estamos ante un presidente que impuso una dictadura, insistió en una entrevista otorgada al diario independiente Masry al Yum.
No me sorprendería que el ejército saliera nuevamente a las calles para impedir el caos y proteger a la patria, agregó, en referencia al hecho de que el ejército tomó el poder después de la caída de Hosni Mubarak, en febrero, antes de devolverlo después de la elección de Mursi.
La crisis política fue desencadenada por el anuncio, el jueves pasado, de que
Mursi se adjudicó poderes que en los hechos impiden toda demanda ante la
justicia contra sus decisiones.
El presidente también se atribuyó el derecho de adoptar todas las medidas que
considere necesarias para
la defensa de la revolución, planteamiento vago que, según sus adversarios, abre el camino a una desviación dictatorial.
Mursi también decidió que la Alta Corte Constitucional ya no examine los
recursos contra la comisión encargada de redactar la futura Constitución,
presentados por numerosos opositores que rechazan esa comisión, dominada por los
islamitas. Esa decisión provocó muchas manifestaciones en todo el país.
La Hermandad Musulmana, formación a la que pertenece el presidente, anuló la
convocatoria a una manifestación este martes
para evitar todo enfrentamiento, declaró Ahmed Sobei, miembro del Partido de la Libertad y la Justicia, brazo político de la agrupación.
Los simpatizantes del presidente participaron este lunes en los funerales de
un joven islamita que murió el domingo por la violencia en Damanhour, en el
delta del Nilo, mientras los opositores a Mursi se reunieron en una mezquita en
la plaza Tahrir, de la capital, para las exequias de un militante que falleció
por las heridas que recibió en las protestas de la semana pasada.
Según el Ministerio de Salud, 444 personas resultaron lesionadas en los
enfrentamientos de los últimos días."
---
"Egypt's president stands by his decrees
Egyptians carry the body of Gaber Salah, who was who was killed in clashes with security forces, inside a mosque for funeral prayers in Cairo, Egypt, Monday, Nov. 26, 2012. Thousands marched through Tahrir square, the birthplace of last year's uprising that toppled authoritarian leader Hosni Mubarak, for the funeral procession of Salah. (AP Photo/Thomas Hartwell)
An aide to President Mohammed Morsi said the decree was limited to "sovereignty-related issues," but that did not satisfy his critics.
The uncompromising stance came during a meeting between Morsi and members of the Supreme Judiciary Council in a bid to resolve a four-day crisis that has plunged the country into a new round of turmoil with clashes between the two sides that have left one protester dead and hundreds wounded.
The judiciary, the main target of Morsi's edicts, also has pushed back, calling the decrees a power grab and an "assault" on the branch's independence. Judges and prosecutors stayed away from many courts in Cairo and other cities on Sunday and Monday.
A spokesman said Morsi told the judges that he acted within his right as the nation's sole source of legislation when he issued decrees putting himself above judicial oversight. The president also extended the same immunity to two bodies dominated by his Islamist allies — a panel drafting a new constitution and parliament's mostly toothless upper chamber.
The spokesman, Yasser Ali, also told reporters that Morsi assured the judges that the decrees did not in any way "infringe" on the judiciary and that they were "temporary" and limited only to "sovereignty-related issues."
Two prominent rights lawyers — Gamal Eid and Ahmed Ragheb — dismissed Ali's remarks.
Eid said they were designed to keep "Morsi above the law," while Ragheb said they amounted to "playing with words."
"This is not what Egyptians are objecting to and protesting about. If the president wanted to resolve the crisis, there should be an amendment to his constitutional declaration."
Ali's comments signaled Morsi's resolve not to back down or compromise on the constitutional amendments he announced last week, raising the likelihood of more violence. Both sides had planned competing rallies in Cairo on Tuesday, but the Brotherhood cancelled its rally late Monday, saying it wanted to reduce tension and congestion in the city.
In Washington, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton spoke Monday by telephone with Egyptian Foreign Minister Mohammed Kamel Amr to "register American concerns about Egypt's political situation," according to spokeswoman Victoria Nuland.
Clinton, she said, stressed that the U.S. wanted to "see the constitutional process move forward in a way that does not overly concentrate power in one set of hands, that ensures that rule of law, checks and balances, protection of the rights of all groups in Egypt are upheld," Nuland said.
Opposition activists have denounced Morsi's decrees as a blatant power grab, and refused to enter a dialogue with the presidency before the edicts are rescinded. The president has vigorously defended the new powers, saying they are a necessary temporary measure to implement badly needed reforms and protect Egypt's transition to democracy after last year's ouster of his predecessor Hosni Mubarak.
Morsi says he wants to retain the new powers until the new constitution is adopted in a nationwide referendum and parliamentary elections are held, a time line that stretches to the middle of next year.
Many members of the judiciary were appointed under Mubarak, drawing allegations, even by some of Morsi's critics, that they are trying to perpetuate the regime's corrupt practices. But opponents are angry that the decrees leave Morsi without any check on his power.
Morsi, who became Egypt's first freely elected president in June, was quoted by Ali as telling his prime minister and security chiefs earlier Monday that his decrees were designed to "end the transitional period as soon as possible."
His comments appeared to run contrary to a prediction made earlier Monday by Justice Minister Ahmed Mekki that a resolution of the crisis was imminent. Mekki, who has been mediating between the judiciary and the presidency to try to defuse the crisis, did not give any details.
The dispute is the latest crisis to roil the Arab world's most populous nation, which has faced mass protests, a rise in crime and economic woes since the initial euphoria following the popular uprising that ousted Mubarak after nearly 30 years of autocratic rule.
Morsi's decrees were motivated in part by a court ruling in June that dissolved the parliament's more powerful lower chamber known as the People's Assembly, which was dominated by the Muslim Brotherhood and ultraconservative Islamists.
The verdict meant that legislative authority first fell in the hands of the then-ruling military, but Morsi grabbed it in August after he ordered the retirement of the army's two top generals.
Morsi's decrees, which were announced Thursday, saved the constitutional panel and the upper chamber from a fate similar to that of the People's Assembly because several courts looking into the legal basis of their creation were scheduled to issue verdicts to disband them.
Ayman al-Sayyad, a member of Morsi's 17-member advisory council, said the presidential aides asked the president in meetings over the weekend to negotiate a way out of the crisis and enter dialogue with all political forces to iron out differences over the nation's new constitution.
Secular and Christian politicians have withdrawn from the 100-seat panel tasked with drafting the charter to protest what they call the hijacking of the process by Morsi's Islamist allies. They fear the Islamists would produce a draft that infringes on the rights of liberals, women and the minority Christians.
The president, al-Sayyad added, would shortly take decisions that would spare the nation a "possible sea of blood." He did not elaborate.
The dispute over the decrees, the latest in the country's bumpy transition to democracy, has taken a toll on the nation's already ailing economy. Egypt's benchmark stock index dropped more than 9.5 percentage points on Sunday, the first day of trading since Morsi's announcement. It fell again Monday during early trading but recovered to close up by 2.6 percentage points.
It has also played out in urban street protests across the country, including in the capital, Cairo, and the Mediterranean port city of Alexandria.
Thousands gathered in Damanhoor for the funeral procession of 15-year-old Islam Abdel-Maksoud, who was killed Sunday when a group of anti-Morsi protesters tried to storm the local offices of the political arm of the president's fundamentalist Muslim Brotherhood, Egypt's most powerful political group.
The Health Ministry said Monday that 444 people also have been wounded nationwide, including 49 who remain hospitalized, since the clashes erupted on Friday, according to a statement carried by the official news agency MENA.
Morsi's office said in a statement that he had ordered the country's top prosecutor to investigate the teenager's death, along with that of another young man shot in Cairo last week during demonstrations to mark the anniversary of deadly protests last year that called for an end to the then-ruling military.
Up to 10,000 people marched through Cairo's Tahrir Square, the birthplace of the uprising against Mubarak, for the funeral procession of 16-year-old Gaber Salah, who succumbed to his head wounds on Sunday. Salah was wounded in clashes with police in the capital during protests against the Brotherhood earlier last week, before the decrees were issued.
Mourners marched with the Salah's body laid in a coffin wrapped in Egypt's red, white and black flag from Tahrir to a cemetery east of the city. Already images of Salah have appeared on Tahrir's walls. Underneath the images were the words: "Your blood will spark a new revolution."
Salah was a member of April 6, one of the key right groups behind the anti-Mubarak uprising. He was also a founder of a Facebook group called "Against the Muslim Brotherhood."
Also on Monday, Human Rights Watch said that Morsi's decrees undermined the rule of law in Egypt and appeared to give him the power to issue emergency-style measures at any time for vague reasons. In Berlin, a spokesman for German Chancellor Angela Merkel said in thinly veiled criticism that the separation of powers was a fundamental principle of any democratic constitution.
Morsi, added spokesman Steffen Seibert, has a "great responsibility" to lead Egypt to a "democratically ordered political system" that rests on that principle.
___
Associated Press writers Maggie Michael in Cairo, Robert H. Reid in Berlin and Bradley Klapper in Washington contributed to this report."
http://bigstory.ap.org/content/hamza-hendawi
---
"La peor crisis desde la llegada de Mursi al poder; eruditos islamitas se unen al descontento
Un manifestante de 52 años murió por la inhalación del gas y se convirtió en la tercera víctima mortal desde que Mursi anunció, la semana pasada, el decreto que amplía sus poderes.
La plaza Tahrir fue el centro de la revuelta que derrocó al presidente Hosni Mubarak en febrero de 2011.
Varios líderes de oposición, actores, abogados y periodistas se sumaron a la marcha. Algunos gritaban:
La protesta convocada por grupos de izquierda, liberales y socialistas marca una escalada en la peor crisis desde la elección en junio del brazo político de la Hermandad Musulmana y expone las divisiones entre los islamitas en el poder y sus oponentes, según algunos analistas.
Varios manifestantes acamparon en la plaza Tahrir desde el pasado viernes.
A modo de protesta contra las limitaciones que el presidente pone a la justicia, este martes, por tercer día consecutivo, algunos jueces no se presentaron a trabajar. Muchos abogados y periodistas se unieron a las protestas en la plaza Tahir. Algunas agencias de viajes cancelaron vuelos desde la capital egipcia a causa de los disturbios.
En varias provincias se llevaron a cabo actos contra la controvertida declaración constitucional de Mursi.
En la ciudad portuaria de Alejandría y en la ciudad industrial de All Mahalla hubo peleas callejeras entre islamitas favorables al presidente y opositores, en las cuales decenas de personas resultaron heridas.
También se realizaron protestas en las ciudades de Luxor, Assiut, Kena, Tanta, Al Arish, Bani Sueif y Suez, contra la declaración de Mursi, con la que se protege a sí mismo y a la Asamblea Constituyente dominada por los islamitas de la intervención de la justicia.
Algunos eruditos de la prestigiosa mezquita y Universidad Azhar se unieron a las manifestaciones, lo que demuestra que Mursi y a sus partidarios han alienado a algunos musulmanes más moderados.
El decreto anunciado el 22 de noviembre permite al presidente tomar cualquier decisión que juzgue necesaria para
---
"Egypt's president stands by his decrees
— Nov. 26 4:30 PM EST
An aide to President Mohammed Morsi said the decree was limited to "sovereignty-related issues," but that did not satisfy his critics.
The uncompromising stance came during a meeting between Morsi and members of the Supreme Judiciary Council in a bid to resolve a four-day crisis that has plunged the country into a new round of turmoil with clashes between the two sides that have left one protester dead and hundreds wounded.
The judiciary, the main target of Morsi's edicts, also has pushed back, calling the decrees a power grab and an "assault" on the branch's independence. Judges and prosecutors stayed away from many courts in Cairo and other cities on Sunday and Monday.
A spokesman said Morsi told the judges that he acted within his right as the nation's sole source of legislation when he issued decrees putting himself above judicial oversight. The president also extended the same immunity to two bodies dominated by his Islamist allies — a panel drafting a new constitution and parliament's mostly toothless upper chamber.
The spokesman, Yasser Ali, also told reporters that Morsi assured the judges that the decrees did not in any way "infringe" on the judiciary and that they were "temporary" and limited only to "sovereignty-related issues."
Two prominent rights lawyers — Gamal Eid and Ahmed Ragheb — dismissed Ali's remarks.
Eid said they were designed to keep "Morsi above the law," while Ragheb said they amounted to "playing with words."
"This is not what Egyptians are objecting to and protesting about. If the president wanted to resolve the crisis, there should be an amendment to his constitutional declaration."
Ali's comments signaled Morsi's resolve not to back down or compromise on the constitutional amendments he announced last week, raising the likelihood of more violence. Both sides had planned competing rallies in Cairo on Tuesday, but the Brotherhood cancelled its rally late Monday, saying it wanted to reduce tension and congestion in the city.
In Washington, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton spoke Monday by telephone with Egyptian Foreign Minister Mohammed Kamel Amr to "register American concerns about Egypt's political situation," according to spokeswoman Victoria Nuland.
Clinton, she said, stressed that the U.S. wanted to "see the constitutional process move forward in a way that does not overly concentrate power in one set of hands, that ensures that rule of law, checks and balances, protection of the rights of all groups in Egypt are upheld," Nuland said.
Opposition activists have denounced Morsi's decrees as a blatant power grab, and refused to enter a dialogue with the presidency before the edicts are rescinded. The president has vigorously defended the new powers, saying they are a necessary temporary measure to implement badly needed reforms and protect Egypt's transition to democracy after last year's ouster of his predecessor Hosni Mubarak.
Morsi says he wants to retain the new powers until the new constitution is adopted in a nationwide referendum and parliamentary elections are held, a time line that stretches to the middle of next year.
Many members of the judiciary were appointed under Mubarak, drawing allegations, even by some of Morsi's critics, that they are trying to perpetuate the regime's corrupt practices. But opponents are angry that the decrees leave Morsi without any check on his power.
Morsi, who became Egypt's first freely elected president in June, was quoted by Ali as telling his prime minister and security chiefs earlier Monday that his decrees were designed to "end the transitional period as soon as possible."
His comments appeared to run contrary to a prediction made earlier Monday by Justice Minister Ahmed Mekki that a resolution of the crisis was imminent. Mekki, who has been mediating between the judiciary and the presidency to try to defuse the crisis, did not give any details.
The dispute is the latest crisis to roil the Arab world's most populous nation, which has faced mass protests, a rise in crime and economic woes since the initial euphoria following the popular uprising that ousted Mubarak after nearly 30 years of autocratic rule.
Morsi's decrees were motivated in part by a court ruling in June that dissolved the parliament's more powerful lower chamber known as the People's Assembly, which was dominated by the Muslim Brotherhood and ultraconservative Islamists.
The verdict meant that legislative authority first fell in the hands of the then-ruling military, but Morsi grabbed it in August after he ordered the retirement of the army's two top generals.
Morsi's decrees, which were announced Thursday, saved the constitutional panel and the upper chamber from a fate similar to that of the People's Assembly because several courts looking into the legal basis of their creation were scheduled to issue verdicts to disband them.
Ayman al-Sayyad, a member of Morsi's 17-member advisory council, said the presidential aides asked the president in meetings over the weekend to negotiate a way out of the crisis and enter dialogue with all political forces to iron out differences over the nation's new constitution.
Secular and Christian politicians have withdrawn from the 100-seat panel tasked with drafting the charter to protest what they call the hijacking of the process by Morsi's Islamist allies. They fear the Islamists would produce a draft that infringes on the rights of liberals, women and the minority Christians.
The president, al-Sayyad added, would shortly take decisions that would spare the nation a "possible sea of blood." He did not elaborate.
The dispute over the decrees, the latest in the country's bumpy transition to democracy, has taken a toll on the nation's already ailing economy. Egypt's benchmark stock index dropped more than 9.5 percentage points on Sunday, the first day of trading since Morsi's announcement. It fell again Monday during early trading but recovered to close up by 2.6 percentage points.
It has also played out in urban street protests across the country, including in the capital, Cairo, and the Mediterranean port city of Alexandria.
Thousands gathered in Damanhoor for the funeral procession of 15-year-old Islam Abdel-Maksoud, who was killed Sunday when a group of anti-Morsi protesters tried to storm the local offices of the political arm of the president's fundamentalist Muslim Brotherhood, Egypt's most powerful political group.
The Health Ministry said Monday that 444 people also have been wounded nationwide, including 49 who remain hospitalized, since the clashes erupted on Friday, according to a statement carried by the official news agency MENA.
Morsi's office said in a statement that he had ordered the country's top prosecutor to investigate the teenager's death, along with that of another young man shot in Cairo last week during demonstrations to mark the anniversary of deadly protests last year that called for an end to the then-ruling military.
Up to 10,000 people marched through Cairo's Tahrir Square, the birthplace of the uprising against Mubarak, for the funeral procession of 16-year-old Gaber Salah, who succumbed to his head wounds on Sunday. Salah was wounded in clashes with police in the capital during protests against the Brotherhood earlier last week, before the decrees were issued.
Mourners marched with the Salah's body laid in a coffin wrapped in Egypt's red, white and black flag from Tahrir to a cemetery east of the city. Already images of Salah have appeared on Tahrir's walls. Underneath the images were the words: "Your blood will spark a new revolution."
Salah was a member of April 6, one of the key right groups behind the anti-Mubarak uprising. He was also a founder of a Facebook group called "Against the Muslim Brotherhood."
Also on Monday, Human Rights Watch said that Morsi's decrees undermined the rule of law in Egypt and appeared to give him the power to issue emergency-style measures at any time for vague reasons. In Berlin, a spokesman for German Chancellor Angela Merkel said in thinly veiled criticism that the separation of powers was a fundamental principle of any democratic constitution.
Morsi, added spokesman Steffen Seibert, has a "great responsibility" to lead Egypt to a "democratically ordered political system" that rests on that principle.
___
Associated Press writers Maggie Michael in Cairo, Robert H. Reid in Berlin and Bradley Klapper in Washington contributed to this report."
"La peor crisis desde la llegada de Mursi al poder; eruditos islamitas se unen al descontento
Multitudinario rechazo en Egipto a la imposición de
otra dictadura
Ya son tres los muertos tras varios días de protestas
Más de 300 detenidos sólo en El Cairo
Más de 300 detenidos sólo en El Cairo
Entre gritos de
Mubarak, dile a Mursi que después del trono sigue la cárcel, miles repudiaron ayer en la plaza Tahrir el decreto que amplía los poderes del presidente egipcioFoto Ap
Manifestantes auxilian a un compañero herido durante
enfrentamientos con la policía en la marcha contra Mohamed Mursi, ayer en El
CairoFoto Ap
Afp, Reuters, Dpa y The Independent
Periódico La Jornada
Miércoles 28 de noviembre de 2012, p. 32
Miércoles 28 de noviembre de 2012, p. 32
El Cairo, 27 de noviembre. Con las
consignas:
Unos 200 mil opositores protestaron en El Cairo, donde la policía lanzó gas
lacrimógeno contra jóvenes que lanzaban piedras en calles aledañas a la plaza
Tahrir, cerca de la embajada estadunidense.el pueblo quiere la caída del régimen,
la Hermandad Musulmana es mentirosay
no queremos otra dictadura, cientos de miles de egipcios se volcaron hoy a las calles de El Cairo, Alejandría, Suez, Minya y ciudades del delta del Nilo, en rechazo al decreto que aumentó considerablemente los poderes del presidente islamita Mohamed Mursi.
Un manifestante de 52 años murió por la inhalación del gas y se convirtió en la tercera víctima mortal desde que Mursi anunció, la semana pasada, el decreto que amplía sus poderes.
La plaza Tahrir fue el centro de la revuelta que derrocó al presidente Hosni Mubarak en febrero de 2011.
Varios líderes de oposición, actores, abogados y periodistas se sumaron a la marcha. Algunos gritaban:
Mubarak, dile a Mursi que después del trono sigue la cárcel.
La protesta convocada por grupos de izquierda, liberales y socialistas marca una escalada en la peor crisis desde la elección en junio del brazo político de la Hermandad Musulmana y expone las divisiones entre los islamitas en el poder y sus oponentes, según algunos analistas.
Varios manifestantes acamparon en la plaza Tahrir desde el pasado viernes.
El presidente empuja al pueblo a la desobediencia civil. “La Hermandad Musulmana roba la revolución, se leía en pancartas.
A modo de protesta contra las limitaciones que el presidente pone a la justicia, este martes, por tercer día consecutivo, algunos jueces no se presentaron a trabajar. Muchos abogados y periodistas se unieron a las protestas en la plaza Tahir. Algunas agencias de viajes cancelaron vuelos desde la capital egipcia a causa de los disturbios.
En varias provincias se llevaron a cabo actos contra la controvertida declaración constitucional de Mursi.
En la ciudad portuaria de Alejandría y en la ciudad industrial de All Mahalla hubo peleas callejeras entre islamitas favorables al presidente y opositores, en las cuales decenas de personas resultaron heridas.
También se realizaron protestas en las ciudades de Luxor, Assiut, Kena, Tanta, Al Arish, Bani Sueif y Suez, contra la declaración de Mursi, con la que se protege a sí mismo y a la Asamblea Constituyente dominada por los islamitas de la intervención de la justicia.
Algunos eruditos de la prestigiosa mezquita y Universidad Azhar se unieron a las manifestaciones, lo que demuestra que Mursi y a sus partidarios han alienado a algunos musulmanes más moderados.
El decreto anunciado el 22 de noviembre permite al presidente tomar cualquier decisión que juzgue necesaria para
proteger la revolución, e impide que la justicia examine las demandas contra el proceso de redacción de la Constitución, que sus adversarios aseguran es dominado por islamitas.
El decreto –que según Mursi es de carácter temporal– lo enfrenta al Poder
Judicial y consolidó a una oposición muy dividida que lo acusa de adoptar
poderes dictatoriales, incrementando los temores de que los grupos islámicos
extenderán su influencia, indicaron varios expertos.
Los partidarios de Mursi destacan que esos poderes excepcionales darán al mandatario los medios para realizar reformas indispensables y aseguran que cesarán una vez adoptada la nueva Constitución dentro de unos meses.
El vicepresidente del partido de la Hermandad Musulmana, Essam Arian, criticó a los medios que calificaron en los últimos días a Mursi de
No obstante las manifestaciones, el mandatario no tiene previsto modificar su controvertida posición. Así lo dijo la noche del lunes su vocero, Yassir Alí, tras una reunión del presidente con representantes del Máximo Consejo Judicial.
Human Rights Watch señaló que el texto le da más poder a Mursi del que tenía la junta militar a la que sucedió en el mando tras la caída de Mubarak.
El presidente de la comisión de asuntos exteriores del Parlamento Europeo, Elmar Brok, amenazó a Egipto con un recorte de la ayuda de la Unión Europea en caso de que Mursi insista con sus medidas.
El Fondo Monetario Internacional indicó que un
Durante las protestas, la policía egipcia detuvo en El Cairo a 348 personas, de las cuales 109 están en prisión preventiva, según el jefe de la policía Osama Saghir.
En las filas de las fuerzas del orden, que fueron atacadas a pedradas, hay 216 heridos desde el lunes. Manifestantes incendiarion unos 22 vehículos de la policía."
http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2012/11/28/mundo/032n1mun
Los partidarios de Mursi destacan que esos poderes excepcionales darán al mandatario los medios para realizar reformas indispensables y aseguran que cesarán una vez adoptada la nueva Constitución dentro de unos meses.
El vicepresidente del partido de la Hermandad Musulmana, Essam Arian, criticó a los medios que calificaron en los últimos días a Mursi de
dictadoro
nuevo faraón. Además, se enojó con los organizadores de las protestas y lo que describió como
resabios del viejo régimenque se interponen en el camino de la revolución.
No obstante las manifestaciones, el mandatario no tiene previsto modificar su controvertida posición. Así lo dijo la noche del lunes su vocero, Yassir Alí, tras una reunión del presidente con representantes del Máximo Consejo Judicial.
Human Rights Watch señaló que el texto le da más poder a Mursi del que tenía la junta militar a la que sucedió en el mando tras la caída de Mubarak.
El presidente de la comisión de asuntos exteriores del Parlamento Europeo, Elmar Brok, amenazó a Egipto con un recorte de la ayuda de la Unión Europea en caso de que Mursi insista con sus medidas.
Si Mursi elige el camino a la dictadura, fluirá menos dinero, declaro Brok al diario alemán Frankfurter Rundschau.
EU
sigue de cerca los acontecimientos
La vocera del estadunidense Departamento de Estado, Victoria
Nuland, dijo que el gobierno de Barack Obama sigue de cerca el desarrollo de los
acontecimientos en Egipto.
La situación es poco clara, declaró Nuland a la prensa, y agregó que Washington aún realiza consultas con varias partes para comprender cómo evalúan los hechos.
El Fondo Monetario Internacional indicó que un
cambio importanteen la política económica del país, que necesita relanzar su crecimiento, podría poner en duda el preacuerdo sobre un plan de ayuda de 4 mil 800 millones de dólares.
Durante las protestas, la policía egipcia detuvo en El Cairo a 348 personas, de las cuales 109 están en prisión preventiva, según el jefe de la policía Osama Saghir.
En las filas de las fuerzas del orden, que fueron atacadas a pedradas, hay 216 heridos desde el lunes. Manifestantes incendiarion unos 22 vehículos de la policía."
http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2012/11/28/mundo/032n1mun
---
*)
"Constitutional Declaration 2011
Supreme Council of the Armed Forces
Constitutional Declaration After reviewing the Constitutional Announcement of
February 13 and the results of the referendum on constitutional amendments of
March 19 (which were announced in the affirmative on March 20), and in
consideration of the SCAF statement of March 23, the following has been decided:
Article 1:
The Arab Republic of Egypt is a state with
a democratic system, based on citizenship, and the Egyptian people are a part of
the Arab nation working toward achieving its comprehensive unity.
Article 2:
Islam is the religion of the state, and the
Arabic language is its official language. The principles of Islamic law are the
chief source of legislation.
Article 3:
Sovereignty is from the people only, and
the people are the source of authority. The people practice this sovereignty and
protect it, safeguarding national unity.
Article 4:
Citizens have the right to form
associations, unions, syndicates, and parties, according to the law. It is
forbidden to form associations whose activities are opposed to the order of
society or secret or militaristic in nature. It is not permitted to directly
engage in political activity or form political parties on the basis of religion,
race or origin.
Article 5:
The economy in the Arabic Republic of Egypt
is based on developing economic activity and social justice and guaranteeing
different forms of property and preserving the rights of workers.
Article 6:
Public property is protected, and its
defense and support is a duty incumbent on every citizen, according to the law.
Private property is safeguarded, and it is not permitted to impose guardianship
over it except through the means stated in law and the judiciary. Property
cannot be seized except for the public benefit and in exchange for compensation
according to the law, and the right of inheritance is guaranteed.
Article 7:
Law applies equally to all citizens, and
they are equal in rights and general duties. They may not be discriminated
against due to race, origin, language, religion, or creed.
Article 8:
Personal freedom is a natural right,
safeguarded and inviolabe, and except in the case of being caught in the act of
a violation, it is not permitted for anyone to be detained or searched or for
his/her freedom to be restricted or for movement to be prevented, except by a
warrant order compelling the necessity of investigation or to safeguard the
security of society. This warrant order will be issued by a specialized judge or
the general prosecutor, according to the law. The law also determines the period
for which one may be detained.
Article 9:
Every citizen who is arrested or detained
must be treated in a way that preserves his/her human dignity. It is forbidden
for him/her to be abused in body or mind, as it is forbidden to detain him/her
in places outside of those designated by the prisons law. Any statement proven
to be extracted from a citizen under duress or threat will not be counted and is
unreliable.
Article 10:
Homes are protected and it is not permitted
to enter or search them without a warrant according to the law.
Article 11:
The life of citizens has special sanctity
protected by law, as do messages sent by post, fax, telephone or other forms of
communication, whose secrecy is guaranteed. It is not permitted to confiscate,
read, or censor these, except by judicial order and for a limited time,
according to the law.
Article 12:
The state guarantees the freedom of creed,
and the freedom to practice religious rites. Freedom of opinion is also
guaranteed, and every person has the right to express his opinion and publish it
in spoken, written, photographed, or other form within the confines of the law.
Personal criticism and constructive criticism are a guarantee for the safety of
national development.
Article 13:
Freedom of the press, printing, publication
and media are guaranteed, and censorship is forbidden, as are giving ultimatums
and stopping or canceling publication from an administrative channel. Exception
may be made in the case of national emergency or time of war, allowing limited
censorship of newspapers, publication, and media on matters related to general
safety or the purposes of national security, all according to the law.
Article 14:
It is not permitted for any citizen to be
denied residence in a particular area, nor requiring him/her to reside in a
particular place, except in cases designated by law.
Article 15:
It is not permitted to expel a citizen from
the country or forbid him/her from returning, or to give up political
refugees.
Article 16:
Citizens have the right of private assembly
in peace without bearing arms without the need for prior notice. It is not
permitted for security forces to attend these private meetings. Public meetings,
processions and gatherings are permitted within the confines of the law.
Article 17:
Any attack on the personal freedom or
sanctity of life of citizens or other rights and general freedoms which are
guaranteed by the constitution and law is a crime, which will be followed by a
criminal or civil suit according to the statute of limitations. The state
guarantees fair compensation for whoever experiences such an aggression.Any
attack on the personal freedom or sanctity of life of citizens or other rights
and general freedoms which are guaranteed by the constitution and law is a
crime, which will be followed by a criminal or civil suit according to the
statute of limitations. The state guarantees fair compensation for whoever
experiences such an aggression.
Article 18:
Public taxes will be instituted and their
amendment or cancelation will take place by law. No one will be excluded from
taxation except in cases stated in law. It is not permitted for anyone to charge
another to pay taxes or fees except within the bounds of law.
Article 19:
Personal penalty. There will be no crime or
penalty except according to the law. Punishment will not take place except by
judicial ruling, nor will punishment occur for acts that take place before
enactment of the relevant law.
Article 20:
The accused is innocent until proven guilty
in a court of law that guarantees for him/her defense. Every accused in a crime
is required to have an attorney to defend him/her.
Article 21:
Litigation is a safeguarded and guaranteed
right for all people, and every citizen has the right to resort to his natural
judge. The state guarantees close association of judicial apparatuses with
litigants, in addition to a speedy trial of matters. The text of the law forbids
any action or administrative decision from being absolved of judicial oversight.
Article 22:
The right to defend one’s self in person or
by proxy is guaranteed. The law guarantees those unable monetarily to defend
themselves to resort to the judiciary for means to defend their
rights.
Article 23:
Anyone arrested or detained will be
notified of the reason for his/her detention immediately. He/she has the right
to contact whomever he/she desires and inform them of the arrest and seek help,
according to the law. It is necessary that accusations be announced with haste,
and the detained has the right to appeal in front of the judiciary to determine
the circumstances in which his/her personal freedom was suspended. The law
organizes the right to present a grievance in order to guarantee a decision in a
limited time period, or else the detainee’s release is inevitably released.
Article 24:
Laws are issued and executed in the name of
the people, Suspension or avoidance of their execution on the part of public
employees is a crime punishable by law. The plaintiff has the right to bring the
criminal case directly to a specialized court.
Article 25:
The president of the state is the president
of the republic. He/She shall assert the sovereignty of the people, respect for
the constitution and sovereignty of the law, and defense of national unity and
social justice, according to means stipulated in this Announcement and the law.
He/shall shall undertake upon assuming his/her position responsibilities
referred to in Article 56 of this Announcement, except for what is stipulated in
provisions 1 and 2 of the Article.
Article 26:
It is required for whoever is elected
president of the republic to be an Egyptian who has never held another
citizenship, born of two Egyptian parents who have never held another
citizenship, enjoying his/her political and civil rights, not married to a
non-Egyptian, and not falling under the age of 40 years.
Article 27:
The president will be elected directly by
general secret ballot. To be nominated for the presidency of the republic, a
candidate must be supported by 30 members at least of the elected members of the
People’s Assembly and Shura Council, or the candidate may obtain the support of
at least 30,000 citizens, who have the right to vote, in at least 15 provinces,
whereby the number of supporters in any of the provinces is at least 1,000. In
all cases, it is not permissible to support more than one candidate, and the law
will stipulate the procedures for this matter. Every political party with
members who have won at least one seat by way of election in either of the
People’s Assembly or Shura Council in the last elections may nominate one of its
members for the presidency.
Article 28:
A supreme judicial commission named the
“Presidential Elections Commission” will supervise the election of the president
of the republic beginning with the announcement of the opening of candidate
nomination and ending with the announcement of the election result. The
Commission will be composed of the president of the Supreme Constitutional Court
as the head, and a membership made up of the president of the Cairo Appeals
Court, the most senior deputies of the president of the Supreme Constitutional
Court, the most senior deputies of the president of the Court of Cassation and
the most senior deputies of the president of the State Council. The Commission’s
decisions will be final and carry the force of law, and will not subject to
objections from any party, in the same manner as it is forbidden for the
decisions to be stopped or canceled. The purview of the Commission will be by
law. The Commission will form committees to supervise voting and counting
according to the stipulations in Article 39. Draft legislation for presidential
elections will be shown to the Supreme Constitutional Court before being issued
to determine the extent of compliance with the constitution. The Supreme
Constitutional Court will issue its decision on this matter within 15 days of
receiving the draft legislation. If it decides that the text is
unconstitutional, more work must be done before the law can be issued. In all
cases, the decision of the Court will be obligatory for all authorities of the
state, and will be published in the official gazette within three days of being
released.
Article 29:
The period of the presidency is four years
beginning from the date of announcing the result of the election, and the
president of the republic may not run for more than one additional presidential
term.
Article 30:
The president will take the following oath
before the People’s Assembly before assuming his/her position: “I swear to God
that I will faithfully preserve the republican order, that I will respect the
constitution and the law, and look after the interests of the people
comprehensively, and that I will preserve the independence of the nation and the
safety of its land.”
Article 31:
The president of the republic will appoint
within a maximum of 30 days after assuming his/her duties at least one vice
president and determine his/her responsibilities, so that in the case of his/her
stepping down from the position of president, another will be appointed in
his/her place. The conditions that must be met by the president will apply, as
will rules governing the accountability for vice presidents of the
republic.
Article 32:
The People’s Assembly will be composed of a
number of members determined by law to be at least 350, half of whom at least
will be Workers and Peasants. The members of the People’s Assembly will be
elected by a direct, public and secret election. The law stipulates the
definition of a Worker and Peasant, as well as the electoral districts that the
state will be divided into. It is possible for the president of the republic to
appoint in the People’s Assembly a number of the members, not to exceed
10.
Article 33:
Immediately upon election, the People’s
Assembly will assume the authority to legislate and determine the public policy
of the state, the general plan for economic and social development, and the
public budget of the state. It will also oversee the work of the executive
branch.
Article 34:
The People’s Assembly’s term will be 5
years starting from the date of its first assembly
Article 35:
The Shura Council will be composed of a
number of members determined by law not to be fewer than 132 members, two-thirds
of whom will be elected by direct, public and secret voting (at least half
Workers and half Peasants), and one-third of whom will be appointed by the
president of the republic. The law determines the electoral districts for the
Shura Council.
Article 36:
The Shura Council’s term of membership will
be 6 years.
Article 37:
The Shura Council will assume its
responsibilities upon election. It will study and recommend what it views as
necessary to preserve support for national unity and social peace and protect
the foundational elements of society and its highest values, in addition to
rights, freedoms and general obligations. The Council will consider the
following: 1) The project of general planning for economic and social
development 2) Draft laws it refers to the president of the republic 3) Whatever
the president of the republic refers to the Council on subjects related to the
state’s public policy or policies related to Arab and foreign affairs The
Council will notify the president of the republic and the People’s Assembly of
its opinion on these matters.
Article 38:
The law will govern the right of candidacy
for the People’s Assembly and Shura Council according to the determined
electoral system, including at a minimum the participation of women in both
assemblies.
Article 39:
The law determines the conditions that must
be met for members of the People’s Assembly and the Shura Council, stipulating
electoral and referenda provisions. A supreme commission made up entirely of
judges will assume the responsibility of supervising elections and referenda,
from the determination of electoral schedules to the announcing of election
results, all as regulated by law. Voting and the counting of votes will take
place under the supervision of members of judicial bodies nominated by their
higher councils, and the decision in the process of choosing them will be
undertaken by the supreme commission.
Article 40:
The Court of Cassation will be designated
to determine the integrity of the membership of the People’s Assembly and Shura
Council, and objections will be presented to the court within 30 days of the
announcement of election results. The Court will rule on the objection within 90
days of receiving it. The membership is considered void on the date on which the
two assemblies are informed of the Court’s decision.
Article 41:
Electoral procedures will begin within 6
months of the date of this Announcement. The Shura Council will assume its
duties with elected members, and upon his/her election, the president of the
republic will appoint the final third of the Council’s membership, who will
serve out the remainder of the term of the Council as regulated by law.
Article 42:
Every member of the People’s Assembly and
Shura Council will swear to conduct work in accordance with the following oath
in front of his/her legislative body: “I swear to God that I will faithfully
preserve the safety of the nation and the republican order, that I will look
after the interests of the people and respect the constitution and the
law.”
Article 43:
It is not permissible for any member of the
People’s Assembly or the Shura Council during his/her tenure to buy or rent
anything using state money, or to rent out or sell anything with said money, or
barter with it or enter into a contract with the state as an entrepreneur,
importer, or contractor.
Article 44:
It is not permissible to remove the
membership of any members of the People’s Assembly or Shura Council unless
he/she has lost confidence and esteem, or any of the conditions of membership,
or his/her position as Worker or Peasant on the basis of which he/she was
elected, or if he/she has breached any of the responsibilities of membership. A
decision to remove membership must be issued by a two-thirds majority of the
respective assembly.
Article 45:
It is not permissible in any case except
that of flagrant violation to take any criminal proceedings against a member of
the People’s Assembly or Shura Council, except with prior permission from
his/her assembly. In the case of the assembly’s recess, permission will be taken
from the head of the assembly and will be subsequently presented to the assembly
upon resumption of work.
Article 46:
Judicial authority is independent and
invested in courts of different varieties and degrees. Rulings will be issued
according to the law.
Article 47:
Judges are independent and not subject to
removal. The law regulates disciplinary actions against them. There is no
authority over them except that of the law, and it is not permissible for any
authority to interfere in their issues or matters of justice.
Article 48:
the Council of the State is an independent
judicial body that specializes in adjudication of administrative disputes and
disciplinary claims. The law determines its other responsibilities.
Article 49:
The Supreme Constitutional Court is an
independent and autonomous judicial body, uniquely tasked with judicial
oversight over the constitutionality of laws and regulations. It deals with the
interpretation of legislative texts, all as stipulated in the law. The law also
designates other responsibilities for the Court and regulates the procedures
followed in front of it.
Article 50:
The law determines judicial bodies and
their responsibilities and regulates their formation, in addition to stipulating
conditions and procedures for appointing their members and their transfer.
Article 51:
The law regulates the military judicial
system and stipulates its responsibilities in line with constitutional
principles.
Article 52:
Court sessions are to be public except in
the case that the court decides to make them secret in the interest of public
order or morals. In all cases, the verdict is announced in a public
session.
Article 53:
The armed forces are the property of the
people. Their mission is the protection of the country and the safety and
security of its lands. It is not permissible for any body or group to establish
military or paramilitary formations. The defense of the country and its land is
a sacred responsibility, and conscription is mandatory according to the law. The
law stipulates the conditions for military service and promotion in the armed
services.
Article 54:
A council entitles “The National Defense
Council” will be established. It will be headed by the president of the republic
and tasked with evaluating affairs concerned with means of securing the country
and its safety. The law will stipulate its other responsibilities.
Article 55:
The police are a civil order body whose
responsibility it is to serve the people. The police guarantee for the people
tranquility and security and provide for the maintenance of order, public
security and morals, according to the law.
Article 56:
The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces
deals with the administration of the affairs of the country. To achieve this, it
has directly the following authorities:
- Legislation
- Issuing public policy for the state and the public budget and ensuring its implementation
- Appointing the appointed members of the People’s Assembly
- Calling the People’s Assembly and the Shura Council to enter into normal session, adjourn, or hold an extraordinary session, and adjourn said session.
- The right to promulgate laws or object to them.
- Represent the state domestically and abroad, sign international treaties and agreements, and be considered a part of the legal system of the state.
- Appoint the head of the cabinet and his/her deputies and ministers and their deputies, as well as relieve them of their duties.
- Appoint civilian and military employees and political representatives, as well as dismiss them according to the law; accredit foreign political representatives.
- Pardon or reduce punishment, though blanket amnesty is granted only by law.
- Other authorities and responsibilities as determined by the president of the republic pursuant to laws and regulations. The Council shall have the power to delegate its head or one of its members to take on its responsibilities.
Article 57:
The Cabinet shall assume executive
authority in all that pertains to it, and will undertake the following
responsibilities in particular:
- Participate with the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces to put in place public policies of the state and supervise their implementation, according to the laws and resolutions of the republic
- Direct, coordinate, and follow the work of the ministries and their related fronts, in addition to public institutions and bodies.
- Issue administrative and executive orders according to laws, regulations, and decisions, and see to their implementation.
- Prepare draft legislation, regulations, and decisions.
- Prepare a draft public budget for the state.
- Prepare a draft public plan for the state.
- Contract and grant loans according to constitutional principles
- Note the implementation of laws, preservation of state security, and protection of citizen rights and state interests
Article 58:
It is not permissible for a minister during
his/her tenure to engage in an independent profession, buy or rent anything
using state money, rent out or sell anything with state money, or barter with
state money.
Article 59:
The president of the republic, after taking
into account the opinion of the cabinet, can announce a state of emergency as
stipulated in law. He/she must present this announcement to the People’s
Assembly within the seven subsequent days to decide its view on this matter. If
the state of emergency is announced in a period of recess, the Assembly must be
called back to session immediately to review the matter, taking into account the
time limit mentioned above. If the People’s Assembly is dissolved, the matter
will be reviewed by the new Assembly at its first meeting. A majority of the
members of the People’s Assembly must agree to the announcement of a state of
emergency. In all cases, the announcement of a state of emergency will be for a
limited time period not exceeding 6 months. It is not permissible to extend it,
except after a people’s referendum on the matter and their agreement to an
extension.
Article 60:
The members of the first People’s Assembly
and Shura Council (except the appointed members) will meet in a joint session
following an invitation from the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces within 6
months of their election to elect a provisional assembly composed of 100 members
which will prepare a new draft constitution for the country to be completed
within 6 months of the formation of this assembly. The draft constitution will
be presented within 15 days of its preparation to the people who will vote in a
referendum on the matter. The constitution will take effect from the date on
which the people approve the referendum.
Article 61:
The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces
will continue directly with its limited responsibilities following this
Announcement, until a time at which the People’s Assembly and the Shura Council
assume their responsibilities and the president of the republic is elected and
assumes his/her position.
Article 62:
All laws and regulations decided upon
before the publication of this Announcement remain valid and implemented;
however, it is possible to cancel laws or amend them according to the rules and
procedures adopted in this Announcement.
Article 63:
This Announcement will be published in the
official gazette and will be in effect on the day following its
publication."
---
http://www.shoura.gov.eg
The Supreme Constitutional Court
Le Cour Constitutionnelle Suprême
http://hccourt.gov.eg
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex_browse.country?p_lang=en&p_country=EGy
---
"Prosigue descontento en El Cairo
El Cairo. Opositores al gobierno en Egipto tornaron a
la Plaza Tahrir para manifestarse contra el decreto del presidente Mohamed Mursi
que amplía sus poderes, y el cual, advierten, podría llevarlos a una nueva
dictadura. Reuters" [De 'La Jornada' (últimas), Martes 27 de noviembre de 2012]
---http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BiVlwqxl6Qk
---
Saturday, February 12, 2011
NACIÓN EGIPCIA DESPOJASE LA MODORRA DESEANDO BRILLAR CON LUZ
PROPIA… O LA JUSTICIA A PUNTO DE GLAMOUROSOS CAIRELES…
IRA GENERAL
LARGAMENTE CONTENIDA, SIN MAYOR DEMORA ENCUENTRA SU CAUCE AL EXTERNAR EL PUEBLO
LEGÍTIMAMENTE SU DIGNA RABIA ANTE EL ABUSO DE AUTORIDAD E INJUSTICIA...
¡EL CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS DE EGIPTO DISPUESTO A HONRAR LA LEY y EL ORDEN INTERNACIONAL...!
¡EL CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS DE EGIPTO DISPUESTO A HONRAR LA LEY y EL ORDEN INTERNACIONAL...!
http://eligio-del-awiizotl.blogspot.com/2011/02/insolito-egipto-la-casi-revolucion.html
MIENTRAS EL GOBIERNO DE ISRAEL OBSTINADO E INMISERICORDE RECRUDECE LA MASACRE EN AGRAVIO DEL PUEBLO PALESTINO*, BARACK OBAMA AMAGA EXPRESA Y PúBLICAMENTE A DETRACTORES (AS) QUE SE OPONEN A QUE SUSAN RICE SUCEDA A HILLARY CLINTON EN LA TITULARIDAD DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE ESTADO…
http://fideiius.blogspot.com/2012/11/mientras-la-inmisericorde-masacre-de.htmlMIENTRAS EL GOBIERNO DE ISRAEL OBSTINADO E INMISERICORDE RECRUDECE LA MASACRE EN AGRAVIO DEL PUEBLO PALESTINO*, BARACK OBAMA AMAGA EXPRESA Y PúBLICAMENTE A DETRACTORES (AS) QUE SE OPONEN A QUE SUSAN RICE SUCEDA A HILLARY CLINTON EN LA TITULARIDAD DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE ESTADO…
---
"Egypt
Morsi’s Moment
Nadav Kander for TIME
The most important man in the Middle East started 2012 as much a stranger to the people he now rules as he was to the rest of the world. Although Mohamed Morsi had long been part of the core leadership of Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood, he was viewed as a back-room operator, largely unnoticed among the Islamic party’s more charismatic political and religious figures. Not many outside of a handful of State Department Arabists in Washington had even heard his name.
And yet the year’s end finds Morsi instantly identifiable worldwide, even as his intentions in Egypt and the region remain very much unclear. In recent weeks, he has been hailed as a peacemaker by the U.S. and Israel, a savior by the Palestinians, a statesman by much of the Arab world—and branded a tyrant by the tens of thousands who have jammed Cairo’s iconic Tahrir Square since Nov. 22 to denounce him. Whether you think him a hero or a villain, the short, stocky Islamist with the professional air is navigating some of the world’s trickiest political waters.
(MORE: An Interview with Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi: ‘We’re Learning How to Be Free’)
Morsi doesn’t pretend his tenure has been perfect and argues it can’t be. Speaking with TIME in his first interview with the international media since the Gaza crisis, he points out that his government is Egypt’s first experience of real democracy. “So what do you expect. Things to go very smooth? No. It has to be rough, at least,” he says. But he also gives the impression of a man having a year to remember. “2012 is the best year for the Egyptians in their lives, in their history,” he says. “We’re suffering, but always a new birth is not easy, especially if it’s the birth of a nation.”
When the interview was scheduled, Morsi was riding high. His successful
brokering of a cease-fire between Israel and Hamas had given him widening
international and domestic support, a feat unmatched by any other Arab leader in
the modern era, and offered the prospect that Egypt might again lead the region
as it did under Gamal Abdel Nasser in the 1950s. Morsi had already displayed
unexpectedly nimble political skills to pry executive power away from the
Egyptian military. For a moment, there was even the possibility that Morsi had
amassed just the right proportion of international credibility and domestic
political capital to start delivering on the promise of the Arab Spring. But
then he overreached. Instead of consolidating the power he had amassed in
service of his country’s emerging democracy, he grabbed for more.
(MORE: Washington’s Two Opinions of Egypt’s Islamist President)
As Morsi spoke with TIME at the presidential palace in Cairo’s Heliopolis suburb, most of Egypt’s major cities were again ringing with the chant that had been the Arab Spring’s rallying cry: “The people want the fall of the regime.” The slogan that helped bring down Hosni Mubarak is now being hurled at the country’s first democratically elected civilian President by both cronies of Mubarak and the revolutionaries who toppled him. In Tahrir Square, judges appointed by the old dictator, many of whom enabled his decades-long repression of political dissent, joined their voices with liberal and secular activists. The most popular joke in Egypt these days is that Morsi has done the impossible: he has united the opposition.
Morsi achieved that by issuing an emergency decree on Nov. 22 appropriating for himself sweeping new powers, including immunity for his decisions from judicial challenge. The President insists his decree is a temporary measure designed to prevent politically motivated judges from undermining the process of creating a new constitution. But to critics, one particular provision, giving him “power to take all necessary measures” against threats to national security and to last year’s revolution, smells of dictatorship. Mohamed ElBaradei, the Nobel Peace laureate and liberal politician, dubbed Morsi the new pharaoh.
For the rest of the world, however, and especially the U.S., the stakes are even higher. Whether Morsi proves to be a reformer or an autocrat will play an outsize role in the prospects for continued peace with Israel, the fate of democracy in the Middle East and the balance of power in the world’s most unstable region. “We will soon learn what kind of leader he is,” says a White House official, “because this current episode is very much a test of his capacity to work effectively with all the various interests in Egypt.”
POLL: Should Mohamed Morsi Be TIME’s Person of the Year 2012?
The most important man in the Middle East started 2012 as much a stranger to the people he now rules as he was to the rest of the world. Although Mohamed Morsi had long been part of the core leadership of Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood, he was viewed as a back-room operator, largely unnoticed among the Islamic party’s more charismatic political and religious figures. Not many outside of a handful of State Department Arabists in Washington had even heard his name.
And yet the year’s end finds Morsi instantly identifiable worldwide, even as his intentions in Egypt and the region remain very much unclear. In recent weeks, he has been hailed as a peacemaker by the U.S. and Israel, a savior by the Palestinians, a statesman by much of the Arab world—and branded a tyrant by the tens of thousands who have jammed Cairo’s iconic Tahrir Square since Nov. 22 to denounce him. Whether you think him a hero or a villain, the short, stocky Islamist with the professional air is navigating some of the world’s trickiest political waters.
(MORE: An Interview with Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi: ‘We’re Learning How to Be Free’)
Morsi doesn’t pretend his tenure has been perfect and argues it can’t be. Speaking with TIME in his first interview with the international media since the Gaza crisis, he points out that his government is Egypt’s first experience of real democracy. “So what do you expect. Things to go very smooth? No. It has to be rough, at least,” he says. But he also gives the impression of a man having a year to remember. “2012 is the best year for the Egyptians in their lives, in their history,” he says. “We’re suffering, but always a new birth is not easy, especially if it’s the birth of a nation.”
(MORE: Washington’s Two Opinions of Egypt’s Islamist President)
As Morsi spoke with TIME at the presidential palace in Cairo’s Heliopolis suburb, most of Egypt’s major cities were again ringing with the chant that had been the Arab Spring’s rallying cry: “The people want the fall of the regime.” The slogan that helped bring down Hosni Mubarak is now being hurled at the country’s first democratically elected civilian President by both cronies of Mubarak and the revolutionaries who toppled him. In Tahrir Square, judges appointed by the old dictator, many of whom enabled his decades-long repression of political dissent, joined their voices with liberal and secular activists. The most popular joke in Egypt these days is that Morsi has done the impossible: he has united the opposition.
Morsi achieved that by issuing an emergency decree on Nov. 22 appropriating for himself sweeping new powers, including immunity for his decisions from judicial challenge. The President insists his decree is a temporary measure designed to prevent politically motivated judges from undermining the process of creating a new constitution. But to critics, one particular provision, giving him “power to take all necessary measures” against threats to national security and to last year’s revolution, smells of dictatorship. Mohamed ElBaradei, the Nobel Peace laureate and liberal politician, dubbed Morsi the new pharaoh.
For the rest of the world, however, and especially the U.S., the stakes are even higher. Whether Morsi proves to be a reformer or an autocrat will play an outsize role in the prospects for continued peace with Israel, the fate of democracy in the Middle East and the balance of power in the world’s most unstable region. “We will soon learn what kind of leader he is,” says a White House official, “because this current episode is very much a test of his capacity to work effectively with all the various interests in Egypt.”
POLL: Should Mohamed Morsi Be TIME’s Person of the Year 2012?
Read more: http://world.time.com/2012/11/28/morsis-moment/#ixzz2DeLDjQj8"
---
---
Eligio Del Awiizotl
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4R0NWL0Ff_k
---
"Egypt court sentences 8 to death over prophet film"
http://news.yahoo.com/egypt-court-sentences-8-death-over-prophet-film-142630945.html
---
Pena de muerte a involucrados en filme que ofende al islam
---
"Reiteran denuncias de que el presidente islamita
suprime la independencia judicial
Tribunales egipcios suspenden labores; repudian decreto de
Mursi
Choques en la plaza Tahrir por sexto día consecutivo
Casi lista, la nueva Constitución
Casi lista, la nueva Constitución
Las movilizaciones contra el decreto que amplía los poderes
del presidente egipcio Mohamed Mursi continuaron ayer en la plaza TahrirFoto Reuters
Manifestantes golpean a un policía en las cercanías de la
embajada de Estados Unidos en El CairoFoto Reuters
Xinhua, Reuters, Dpa y Afp
Periódico La Jornada
Jueves 29 de noviembre de 2012, p. 32
Jueves 29 de noviembre de 2012, p. 32
El Cairo, 28 de noviembre. Los tribunales de
Casación y de Apelaciones de Egipto decidieron hoy suspender labores hasta que
el presidente Mohamed Mursi retire la declaración constitucional del jueves
pasado que aumenta considerablemente sus poderes, mientras en esta capital
cientos de manifestantes permanecían en la emblemática plaza Tahrir por sexto
día consecutivo, en demanda de que el mandatario islamita rescinda el
decreto.
La asamblea general del Tribunal de Casación consideró que la declaración de
Mursi suprime la independencia judicial, por lo que decidió suspender el trabajo
en una decisión aceptada por la mayoría de los jueces, informó el servicio
estatal Ahram en su página de Internet.El vicepresidente del Tribunal Constitucional Supremo, Maher Samy, acusó al presidente de dirigir una campaña en contra de la corte al acusarla de revelar sus veredictos antes de la fecha señalada, informó la televisora estatal TV Nilo.
El Tribunal Constitucional ha sido atacado desde que disolvió la anterior Asamblea Popular, aunque emitió su veredicto con base en las disposiciones judiciales, señaló.
Samy indicó que es injusto acusar al tribunal de actuar de acuerdo con las tendencias políticas en lugar de con la Constitución”.
Cuando se le preguntó si el Tribunal Constitucional revisará las denuncias que demandan la disolución de la actual Asamblea Constituyente y del Consejo Shura como se tiene previsto, respondió:
el plazo del tribunal está anunciado y no se cambiará.
Mursi emitió un decreto que estipula que todas las leyes y declaraciones constitucionales serán definitivas e irrefutables por cualquier organismo y que no reinstalará la Asamblea Popular.
También estipula que ningún órgano judicial está facultado a disolver el Consejo Shura (cámara alta) o Asamblea Constituyente, lo que provocó una crisis política en el país.
Por lo pronto, la Asamblea dijo que el borrador final de la nueva carta magna estará listo en breve y con ello la Hermandad Musulmana espera poner fin a la crisis remplazando el controvertido decreto con una Constitución totalmente nueva que será aprobada por referendo popular.
La Constitución es una de las principales razones de enfrentamiento entre
Mursi y los oponentes no islámicos, quienes boicotean a la Asamblea porque
acusan a los musulmanes de buscar imponer su visión al futuro de Egipto.
Cristianos y liberales se retiraron del Comité Constitucional durante las últimas semanas en señal de protesta. Acusan a los islamitas de no tomar en cuenta sus propuestas y consideran que su único interés es asegurar la hegemonía de sus partidos mediante una Constitución hecha a su medida.
Se supone que la Constitución será uno de los pilares de un nuevo Egipto democrático luego de tres décadas del gobierno autocrático de Hosni Mubarak. La Asamblea ha estado trabajando seis meses.
La Constitución determinará los poderes del presidente y del Parlamento y definirá los roles del Poder Judicial y la cúpula militar, que ha estado en el centro del poder por décadas hasta que Mubarak fue derrocado. También fijará el papel de la ley islámica.
Por sexto día consecutivo hubo enfrentamientos entre la policía y manifestantes en El Cairo contra el decreto promulgado por Mursi.
La policía lanzó gas lacrimógeno contra cientos de manifestantes que arrojaron piedras en la céntrica plaza Tahrir, donde miles de personas acampan desde hace días y es escenario de las protestas que en febrero de 2011 provocaron la caída de Mubarak. Los manifestantes aseguran que permanecerán en el lugar hasta que sea revocado el decreto que consideran le otorga poderes dictatoriales.
La prensa local informó que en Damanhur y Alejandría hubo ataques contra las sedes de la Hermandad Musulmana, agrupación de la que procede Mursi.
En la localidad de Mansura, opositores a los islamitas incendiaron la oficina del Partido de la Libertad y la Justicia, fundado por la Hermandad Musulmana.
Al menos tres personas han muerto y decenas han resultado heridas desde que comenzaron los incidentes, la semana pasada, según fuentes médicas.
Mursi dirigirá un mensaje a la nación este jueves sobre el decreto."
http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2012/11/29/mundo/032n1mun
Cristianos y liberales se retiraron del Comité Constitucional durante las últimas semanas en señal de protesta. Acusan a los islamitas de no tomar en cuenta sus propuestas y consideran que su único interés es asegurar la hegemonía de sus partidos mediante una Constitución hecha a su medida.
La redacción de la Constitución está en su última fase y pronto será sometida a referendo, dijo Talaat Marzouk, integrante de la Asamblea Constitucional.
Se supone que la Constitución será uno de los pilares de un nuevo Egipto democrático luego de tres décadas del gobierno autocrático de Hosni Mubarak. La Asamblea ha estado trabajando seis meses.
La Constitución determinará los poderes del presidente y del Parlamento y definirá los roles del Poder Judicial y la cúpula militar, que ha estado en el centro del poder por décadas hasta que Mubarak fue derrocado. También fijará el papel de la ley islámica.
Por sexto día consecutivo hubo enfrentamientos entre la policía y manifestantes en El Cairo contra el decreto promulgado por Mursi.
La policía lanzó gas lacrimógeno contra cientos de manifestantes que arrojaron piedras en la céntrica plaza Tahrir, donde miles de personas acampan desde hace días y es escenario de las protestas que en febrero de 2011 provocaron la caída de Mubarak. Los manifestantes aseguran que permanecerán en el lugar hasta que sea revocado el decreto que consideran le otorga poderes dictatoriales.
La prensa local informó que en Damanhur y Alejandría hubo ataques contra las sedes de la Hermandad Musulmana, agrupación de la que procede Mursi.
En la localidad de Mansura, opositores a los islamitas incendiaron la oficina del Partido de la Libertad y la Justicia, fundado por la Hermandad Musulmana.
Al menos tres personas han muerto y decenas han resultado heridas desde que comenzaron los incidentes, la semana pasada, según fuentes médicas.
Mursi dirigirá un mensaje a la nación este jueves sobre el decreto."
http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2012/11/29/mundo/032n1mun
---
حوار الدكتور محمد مرسي حول الإعلان الدستوري
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AyEMbZwrowM
---
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VOjaeyNjGFA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXevmpJGxNo
---
"Ya han sido aprobados por unanimidad o amplia mayoría 50 de 234
artículos
Votan la nueva Constitución en Egipto; se mantienen principios
de la sharia
Continúan las protestas en El Cairo contra el
golpe de los islamitasy Mursi,
el faraón
Miembros de la Asamblea Constituyente de Egipto durante la
votación de la nueva carta magnaFoto Xinhua
Afp, Xinhua, Dpa y The Independent
Periódico La Jornada
Viernes 30 de noviembre de 2012, p. 34
Viernes 30 de noviembre de 2012, p. 34
El Cairo, 29 de noviembre. La Asamblea
Constituyente egipcia, dominada por los islamitas, comenzó a votar hoy el
proyecto de nueva Constitución, que mantiene la referencia a los
principiosde la sharia, que ya figuraba en la ley fundamental anterior, bajo la presidencia del derrocado Hosni Mubarak.
El artículo 2 del proyecto de Constitución prevé que los “principios de la sharia” constituyan la
principal fuente de la legislación. Se trata de una formulación bastante consensuada en Egipto, que significa que la ley islámica no es la única fuente de la legislación.
Además, establece que
el islam es la religión de Estado y el árabe es el idioma oficial.
Los fundamentalistas salafistas deseaban que la referencia a la sharia fuera más exigente.
En cambio, numerosos liberales al igual que la Iglesia Copta ortodoxa, que representa entre 6 y 10 por ciento de la población, insistieron en que no había que ir más allá de la formulación de la constitución anterior.
Otras disposiciones que deben ser sometidas a votación, muy criticadas en los medios liberales y cristianos, permitirían ampliar los sectores de aplicación de la sharia.
La sharia es para los musulmanes la ley divina que ordena las actividades del ser humano. Por tanto, en el islam tradicional la religión es la base del derecho.
Los 234 artículos del proyecto serán sometidos a votación uno por uno. Los artículos que obtengan dos terceras partes de los votos serán aprobados, mientras los que no las obtengan serán discutidos nuevamente y serán aprobados si son apoyados por 57 por ciento de los miembros de la Asamblea.
Los primeros 50 artículos del texto ya fueron aclamados por unanimidad o con gran mayoría.
Entre los aprobados, figura el artículo 46, que establece que la creación, de diferentes formas, es un derecho de todos los ciudadanos y que el país desarrollará la ciencia, las artes y la literatura y cuidará de creadores e inventores protegiendo sus inventos y creaciones.
También destaca el artículo 49, el cual garantiza la libertad de publicar y ser propietario de diferentes tipos de diarios tras notificar a las autoridades competentes.
La Hermandad Musulmana, partido que llevó al poder a Mursi, decidió adelantar la sesión correspondiente, prevista inicialmente para mediados de diciembre, a este jueves para frenar las protestas contra el decreto que aprobó la semana pasada el presidente en el que se atribuyó poderes por encima de la justicia, lo que generó una ola de protestas en todo el país.
El decreto, que según Mursi, será de carácter temporal, acabará cuando esté aprobada la nueva Constitución, por ello se decidió acelerar el proceso.
Este jueves, varios cientos de personas se manifestaron en la plaza Tahrir de El Cairo, contra
el golpe de los islamitas. Además, se convocó a una gran protesta para este viernes contra Mursi,
el nuevo faraón.
Los simpatizantes de Mursi convocarán a marchas de apoyo para este sábado."
http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2012/11/30/mundo/034n1mun
---
"Egyptian President decree an affront to rule of law and independence of judges
Listen / Download
Mohamed Morsy, President of the Arab Republic of Egypt addressing General Assembly delegates
The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay is appealing to Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi, to reconsider the decree he issued last week.
The High Commissioner says a number of measures contained in the decree are incompatible with international human rights law.
The decree in part states that all decisions taken by the President since he took office, could not be revoked by any authority, including the judiciary, until a new constitution is approved and a new parliament elected.
Ms Pillay says placing the president's actions outside of judicial scrutiny was a violation of the rule of law and an encroachment to the independence of the judiciary.
Rupert Colville is the spokesperson for the UN Human Rights Office.
"In a letter addressed to the Egyptian president on Tuesday the High Commissioner welcomed the efforts to reach out to the judiciary and political parties, but believes they are not yet sufficient to prevent Egypt reneging on binding principles laid down in the two overarching international human rights treaties – the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. In her letter to the President, the High Commissioner stressed that she fully understands the difficult challenges the Egyptian President is facing, but urged him to reconsider the Declaration so that the various problems it was designed to address can be confronted by measures that are "in conformity with international human rights principles"."
The High Commissioner says she is worried about the unfolding events in Egypt and warned against taking divisive measures such as adopting a Constitution that may lead to further escalation and tension.
Patrick Maigua United Nations Radio, Geneva.
Duration 1.45″"
http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/2012/11/egyptian-president-decree-an-affront-to-rule-of-law-and-independence-of-judges/
---
"Islamist constitution spurs controversy in Egypt as protests grow
Edited: 01 December, 2012, 05:50
TAGS:
Conflict, Religion, Protest, Politics, Human rights, Law, Kevin Owen, Tom Barton, Egypt, Clashes
Conflict, Religion, Protest, Politics, Human rights, Law, Kevin Owen, Tom Barton, Egypt, Clashes
Members of Egypt's constitution committee meet at the Shura Council for the final vote on a draft new Egyptian constitution in Cairo November 29, 2012. (Reuters/Mohamed Abd El Ghany)
(32.3Mb)embed video
Egypt’s Islamist Constituent Assembly has approved a constitution without the consultation of liberal and Christian members. The Sharia-based draft may fuel public anger at Egypt’s Muslim rulers, restricting freedom of speech and women’s rights.
A nationwide referendum will be held within the next 30 days to vote on the draft document.
The Islamist-majority assembly had already been working on the new constitution for months before finally pushing it through in a mammoth 19-hour session, during which they voted on 230 articles individually. Of the 85 members that attended, there were only four women and no Christians.
In the run-up to the vote, Christian, liberal and secular members of the government body had been jumping ship from the 100-strong assembly in protest of what they perceive as the country’s Muslim leaders sequestering the new constitution.
"We will implement the work of this constitution to hold in high esteem God's law, which was only ink on paper before, and to protect freedoms that were not previously respected," said Muslim Brotherhood representative Essam el-Erian following the marathon assembly session.
Critics of the new legislation argue that some of the clauses will have an adverse effect on freedom of speech in Egypt. Additionally, opponents take issue with the fact that there is no article stipulating equality between men and women in the draft constitution.
"I am saddened to see this come out while Egypt is so divided," Egypt's top reform leader, Nobel Peace laureate Mohamed ElBaradei said, speaking on Al-Nahar TV. ElBaradei stressed that the document’s days were numbered and it would soon become “political folklore” destined for the “garbage bin of history.”
Perhaps the most significant political change to the constitution that the new document sets out is the capping of the amount of time a president can serve to a maximum of eight years, divided into two terms. President Hosni Mubarak, who was ousted by public uprisings two years ago, held power for three decades.
The new constitution follows a week of protests, condemning President Morsi’s authoritarian new powers that effectively neutralize the judiciary. Morsi maintains these powers are only temporary and are a necessary "delicate surgery" to help Egypt along the road to political transition.
Angry protesters once again rallied in Cairo’s landmark Tahrir Square on Friday, after a new draft constitution was rushed through the Muslim-dominated lawmaker assembly. Tens of thousands of people remain in the square, journalist Bel Trew told RT from the Egyptian capital. Thousands of people have also protested in the second-largest city of Alexandria.
Over 200,000 demonstrators swarmed Tahrir Square during the week, clashing with police and chanting anti-government slogans, decrying Morsi as the “new Pharaoh” of Egypt. Officers fired teargas into the masses in an effort to control them.
Adrian Salbuchi, founder of the Argentinian Second Republic said that President Morsi will most probably take Egypt down a “much more radical Islamist path,” inciting more anger from the population and generating further instability.
Elaborating on western support of regime change in Egypt and the Arab world as a whole, he described the main goal as inciting instability.
“One of the objectives is to maintain social turmoil because there more social turmoil a country has on the inside, the weaker it is on the outside,” said Salbuchi, stressing that a weak Egypt was certainly “in the western powers objectives.”
Egyptian protesters clash with security forces on November 29, 2012 in Cairo's Tahrir Square, on the third day of protest over President Morsi's decision to grant himself sweeping powers until the new constitution is ratified in a referendum. (AFP Photo/Mahmoud Khaled)
“I think we have a Sunni version of what happened when Ayatollah Khomeini replaced the Shah of Iran back in the late 1970s,” Engdahl told RT. “[Ayatollah Khomeini] talked about democracy and so forth, but co-opted the genuine movement you had on the streets in Iran, and created an Islamic dictatorship,” he said.
“You have a similar thing going on with Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. I think the Egyptian people feel betrayed and double crossed,” Engdahl believes.
The author points out that Muslim Brotherhood dominates the Islamic organizations in the US having put a “moderate face” on. “But when they come into power, they put a lock grip on power, and essentially establish an Islamic dictatorship,” he said.
Engdahl believes that “some people in Washington actually want” the rise of the Masonic-like Muslim Brotherhood.
“The CIA has had dealings with the Brotherhood since they brought them out of Egypt into Saudi Arabia back in the early 1950s and before that, British intelligence. So they feel that they have a known entity in the Brotherhood and they might be in for a stark surprise,” he told RT.
The Arab Spring is entering a new “very dangerous” phase, he concluded.
The new constitution actually secures the military rule in Egypt, Ahmed Nageeb, an Egyptian Current Party member told RT.
“The problem is, it’s not the issues on Sharia that are mostly controversial, but the status of the military within the draft of the new constitution. It grants them a lot of power, more than what they’ve had before, most of which is civilians being trialed in military courts,” Nageeb said.
Despite people’s calls to put an end to military rule, the status of demigod remains stuck with the military on Egypt’s political scene, Nageeb told RT."
http://rt.com/news/egypt-approves-constitution-941/
---
"Movilizaciones en Egipto luego de que se aprobó borrador de nueva constitución"
A nationwide referendum will be held within the next 30 days to vote on the draft document.
The Islamist-majority assembly had already been working on the new constitution for months before finally pushing it through in a mammoth 19-hour session, during which they voted on 230 articles individually. Of the 85 members that attended, there were only four women and no Christians.
In the run-up to the vote, Christian, liberal and secular members of the government body had been jumping ship from the 100-strong assembly in protest of what they perceive as the country’s Muslim leaders sequestering the new constitution.
"We will implement the work of this constitution to hold in high esteem God's law, which was only ink on paper before, and to protect freedoms that were not previously respected," said Muslim Brotherhood representative Essam el-Erian following the marathon assembly session.
Critics of the new legislation argue that some of the clauses will have an adverse effect on freedom of speech in Egypt. Additionally, opponents take issue with the fact that there is no article stipulating equality between men and women in the draft constitution.
"I am saddened to see this come out while Egypt is so divided," Egypt's top reform leader, Nobel Peace laureate Mohamed ElBaradei said, speaking on Al-Nahar TV. ElBaradei stressed that the document’s days were numbered and it would soon become “political folklore” destined for the “garbage bin of history.”
Perhaps the most significant political change to the constitution that the new document sets out is the capping of the amount of time a president can serve to a maximum of eight years, divided into two terms. President Hosni Mubarak, who was ousted by public uprisings two years ago, held power for three decades.
The new constitution follows a week of protests, condemning President Morsi’s authoritarian new powers that effectively neutralize the judiciary. Morsi maintains these powers are only temporary and are a necessary "delicate surgery" to help Egypt along the road to political transition.
Angry protesters once again rallied in Cairo’s landmark Tahrir Square on Friday, after a new draft constitution was rushed through the Muslim-dominated lawmaker assembly. Tens of thousands of people remain in the square, journalist Bel Trew told RT from the Egyptian capital. Thousands of people have also protested in the second-largest city of Alexandria.
Over 200,000 demonstrators swarmed Tahrir Square during the week, clashing with police and chanting anti-government slogans, decrying Morsi as the “new Pharaoh” of Egypt. Officers fired teargas into the masses in an effort to control them.
Adrian Salbuchi, founder of the Argentinian Second Republic said that President Morsi will most probably take Egypt down a “much more radical Islamist path,” inciting more anger from the population and generating further instability.
Elaborating on western support of regime change in Egypt and the Arab world as a whole, he described the main goal as inciting instability.
“One of the objectives is to maintain social turmoil because there more social turmoil a country has on the inside, the weaker it is on the outside,” said Salbuchi, stressing that a weak Egypt was certainly “in the western powers objectives.”
Egyptian protesters clash with security forces on November 29, 2012 in Cairo's Tahrir Square, on the third day of protest over President Morsi's decision to grant himself sweeping powers until the new constitution is ratified in a referendum. (AFP Photo/Mahmoud Khaled)
'Muslim Brotherhood lock grip on power in Egypt'
Economic researcher and political analyst William Engdahl believes Egypt’s President Mohamed Morsi is following the path of Iran’s Ayatollah Khomeini.“I think we have a Sunni version of what happened when Ayatollah Khomeini replaced the Shah of Iran back in the late 1970s,” Engdahl told RT. “[Ayatollah Khomeini] talked about democracy and so forth, but co-opted the genuine movement you had on the streets in Iran, and created an Islamic dictatorship,” he said.
“You have a similar thing going on with Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. I think the Egyptian people feel betrayed and double crossed,” Engdahl believes.
The author points out that Muslim Brotherhood dominates the Islamic organizations in the US having put a “moderate face” on. “But when they come into power, they put a lock grip on power, and essentially establish an Islamic dictatorship,” he said.
Engdahl believes that “some people in Washington actually want” the rise of the Masonic-like Muslim Brotherhood.
“The CIA has had dealings with the Brotherhood since they brought them out of Egypt into Saudi Arabia back in the early 1950s and before that, British intelligence. So they feel that they have a known entity in the Brotherhood and they might be in for a stark surprise,” he told RT.
The Arab Spring is entering a new “very dangerous” phase, he concluded.
The new constitution actually secures the military rule in Egypt, Ahmed Nageeb, an Egyptian Current Party member told RT.
“The problem is, it’s not the issues on Sharia that are mostly controversial, but the status of the military within the draft of the new constitution. It grants them a lot of power, more than what they’ve had before, most of which is civilians being trialed in military courts,” Nageeb said.
Despite people’s calls to put an end to military rule, the status of demigod remains stuck with the military on Egypt’s political scene, Nageeb told RT."
http://rt.com/news/egypt-approves-constitution-941/
---
"Movilizaciones en Egipto luego de que se aprobó borrador de nueva constitución"
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"Egypt’s Anti-Morsi Rebellion of Judges is Complete
(CAIRO) — Egypt’s rebellion of the judges against President Mohamed Morsi became complete on Sunday with the country’s highest court declaring an open-ended strike on the day it was supposed to rule on the legitimacy of two key assemblies controlled by allies of the Islamist leader.
The strike by the Supreme Constitutional Court and opposition plans to march on the presidential palace on Tuesday take the country’s latest political crisis to a level not seen in the nearly two years of turmoil since Hosni Mubarak’s ouster in a popular uprising.
Judges from the country’s highest appeals court and its sister lower court were already on an indefinite strike, joining colleagues from other tribunals who suspended work last week to protest what they saw as Morsi’s assault on the judiciary.
The last time Egypt had an all-out strike by the judiciary was in 1919, when judges joined an uprising against British colonial rule.
(POLL: Should Mohamed Morsi Be TIME’s Person of the Year 2012?)
The standoff began when Morsi issued decrees on Nov. 22 giving him near-absolute powers that granted himself and the Islamist-dominated assembly drafting the new constitution immunity from the courts.
The constitutional panel then raced in a marathon session last week to vote on the charter’s 236 clauses without the participation of liberal and Christian members. The fast-track hearing pre-empted a decision from the Supreme Constitutional Court that was widely expected to dissolve the constituent assembly.
The judges on Sunday postponed their ruling on that case just before they went on strike.
Without a functioning justice system, Egypt will be plunged even deeper into turmoil. It has already seen a dramatic surge in crime after the uprising, while state authority is being challenged in many aspects of life and the courts are burdened by a massive backlog of cases.
“The country cannot function for long like this, something has to give,” said Negad Borai, a private law firm director and a rights activist. ‘We are in a country without courts of law and a president with all the powers in his hands. This is a clear-cut dictatorial climate,” he said.
Mohamed Abdel-Aziz, a rights lawyer, said the strike by the judges will impact everything from divorce and theft to financial disputes that, in some cases, could involve foreign investors.
“Ordinary citizens affected by the strike will become curious about the details of the current political crisis and could possibly make a choice to join the protests,” he said.
The Judges Club, a union with 9,500 members, said late Sunday that judges would not, as customary, oversee the national referendum Morsi called for Dec. 15 on the draft constitution hammered out and hurriedly voted on last week.
(MORE: An Interview with Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi: ‘We’re Learning How to Be Free’)
The absence of their oversight would raise more questions about the validity of the vote. If the draft is passed in the referendum, parliamentary elections are to follow two months later and they too may not have judicial supervision.
The judges say they will remain on strike until Morsi rescinds his decrees, which the Egyptian leader said were temporary and needed to protect the nation’s path to democratic rule.
For now, however, Morsi has to contend with the fury of the judiciary.
The constitutional court called Sunday “the Egyptian judiciary’s blackest day on record.”
It described the scene outside the Nile-side court complex, where thousands of Islamist demonstrators gathered since the early morning hours carrying banners denouncing the tribunal and some of its judges.
A statement by the court, which swore Morsi into office on June 30, said its judges approached the complex but turned back when they saw the protesters blocking entrances and climbing over its fences. They feared for their safety, it added.
“The judges of the Supreme Constitutional Court were left with no choice but to announce to the glorious people of Egypt that they cannot carry out their sacred mission in this charged atmosphere,” said the statement, which was carried by state news agency MENA.
Supporters of Morsi, who hails from the Islamic fundamentalist Muslim Brotherhood, claim that the court’s judges remain loyal to Mubarak, who appointed them, and accuse them of trying to derail Egypt’s transition to democratic rule.
In addition to the high court’s expected ruling Sunday on the legitimacy of the constitution-drafting panel, it was also expected to rule on another body dominated by Morsi supporters, parliament’s upper chamber.
(MORE: Egypt’s Morsi: Has He Started Something He Can’t Finish?)
Though Morsi’s Nov. 22 decrees provide immunity to both bodies against the courts, a ruling that declares the two illegitimate would have vast symbolic significance, casting doubt on the standing of both.
The Brotherhood’s political arm, the Freedom and Justice party, sought to justify the action of its supporters outside the court as a peaceful protest. It reiterated its charge that some members of the judiciary were part and parcel of Mubarak’s autocratic policies.
“The wrong practices by a minority of judges and their preoccupation with politics … will not take away the respect people have for the judiciary,” it said.
Its explanation, however, failed to calm the anger felt by many activists and politicians.
“President Morsi must take responsibility before the entire world for terrorizing the judiciary,” veteran rights campaigner and opposition leader Abdel-Halim Kandil wrote in his Twitter account about the events outside the constitutional court.
Liberal activist and former lawmaker Amr Hamzawy warned what is ahead may be worse.
“The president and his group (the Muslim Brotherhood) are leading Egypt into a period of darkness par excellence,” he said. “He made a dictatorial decision to hold a referendum on an illegal constitution that divides society, then a siege of the judiciary to terrorize it.”
Egypt has been rocked by several bouts of unrest, some violent, since Mubarak was forced to step down in the face of a popular uprising. But the current one is probably the worst.
Morsi’s decrees gave him powers that none of his four predecessors since the ouster of the monarchy 60 years ago ever had. Opposition leaders countered that he turned himself into a new “pharaoh” and a dictator even worse than his immediate predecessor Mubarak.
(PHOTOS: Thousands Protest President Morsi’s Decree)
Then, following his order, the constituent assembly rushed a vote on the draft constitution in an all-night session.
The draft has a new article that seeks to define what the “principles” of Islamic law are by pointing to theological doctrines and their rules. Another new article states that Egypt’s most respected Islamic institution, Al-Azhar, must be consulted on any matters related to Shariah law, a measure critics fear could lead to oversight of legislation by clerics.
Rights groups have pointed out that virtually the only references to women relate to the home and family, that the new charter uses overly broad language with respect to the state protecting “ethics and morals” and fails to outlaw gender discrimination.
At times the process appeared slap-dash, with fixes to missing phrasing and even several entirely new articles proposed, written and voted on in the hours just before sunrise.
The decrees and the vote on the constitution draft galvanized the fractured, mostly secular opposition, with senior leaders setting aside differences and egos to form a united front in the face of Morsi, whose offer on Saturday for a national dialogue is yet to find takers.
The opposition brought out at least 200,000 protesters to Cairo’s Tahrir Square on Tuesday and a comparable number Friday to press demands that the decrees be rescinded. The Islamists responded Saturday with massive rallies in Cairo and across much of Egypt.
The opposition is raising the stakes with plans to march on Morsi’ palace on Tuesday, a move last seen on Feb. 11, 2011 when tens of thousands of protesters marched from Tahrir Square to Mubarak’s palace in the Heliopolis district to force him out. Mubarak stepped down that day, but Morsi is highly unlikely to follow suit on Tuesday.
By HAMZA HENDAWI"
Read more: http://world.time.com/2012/12/02/egypts-top-court-suspends-work-indefinitely/#ixzz2Dx4DjeW1
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"Anuncia Corte Constitucional egipcia huelga indefinida"
http://multimedia.telesurtv.net/media/telesur.video.web/telesur-web/#!es/video/anuncia-corte-constitucional-egipcia-huelga-indefinida/
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Centenares de
manifestantes obligaron al presidente islamita Mohamed Mursi a abandonar el
palacio de gobierno Al Ethadeys, en El Cairo, en repudio al decreto que amplía
los poderes del gobernante. Los inconformes enfatizaron que es
la última advertenciaal mandatario, al tiempo que rechazaron la convocatoria a un referendo constitucional, para el próximo 15 de diciembre, que tiene la intención de ratificar la medida. La policía antidisturbios utilizó gases lacrimógenos para dispersar la protesta, pero no tuvo éxito Foto Reuters
Se reúnen más de 10 mil personas ante la sede para repudiar el referendo
constitucional
Abandona presidente de Egipto el palacio de gobierno ante
protesta
Periódicos independientes no publican sus ediciones en rechazo a la
dictadurade Mursi
Las marchas se extendieron a Alejandría, Sohag y Minya; EU pide expresiones
pacíficas
La policía antidisturbios de Egipto disparó gases
lacrimógenos contra los manifestantes fuera del palacio de gobierno de Al
EthadeysFoto Xinhua
Grupos laicos y de izquierda, reunidos ante la sede
presidencial, acusaron al mandatario Mohamed Mursi de vender la revoluciónFoto Reuters
Afp, Dpa, Reuters y Pl
Periódico La Jornada
Miércoles 5 de diciembre de 2012, p. 29
Miércoles 5 de diciembre de 2012, p. 29
El Cairo, 4 de diciembre. El presidente
egipcio, el islamita Mohamed Mursi, fue obligado hoy a abandonar el palacio de
gobierno Al Ethadeys, en esta capital, ante la intensidad de las protestas de
unas 10 mil personas, que rechazaron la convocatoria a un referendo
constitucional para el próximo 15 de diciembre.
última advertenciaa Mursi.
Algunos opositores pudieron acercarse al palacio después de haber cortado las alambradas que protegían el edificio. Varias personas trataron de escalar las paredes, pero otras se los impidieron.
La policía antidisturbios usó gases lacrimógenos para intentar dispersarlos, pero no tuvo éxito; luego se retiró. Según el Ministerio de Salud, 18 personas sufrieron heridas leves, principalmente por la inhalación del gas.
Dos fuentes dijeron que Mursi, postulado a la presidencia por la Hermandad Musulmana para las elecciones de junio pasado, abandonó el palacio presidencial debido a las protestas.
El presidente dejó el palaciode Al Ethadeys, declaró un funcionario de la presidencia que pidió el anonimato. Una fuente de seguridad también señaló que el mandatario salió del edificio.
Un video colocado en Internet por la red de información alternativa egipcia Raasd muestra a un convoy que abandona el palacio de Al Ethadeys, bajo la protección de la policía antidisturbios, mientras manifestantes gritan
cobardey
vete.
Reportes sin confirmar refieren que el presidente está dispuesto a suspender algunos de los artículos más polémicos de proyecto de Constitución, pero ningún medio oficial lo confirmó, indicó la agencia Prensa Latina.
Mursi desató una ola de protestas cuando el 22 de noviembre emitió un decreto mediante el cual amplió considerablemente sus poderes, con lo que puso sus decisiones a salvo de toda acción judicial, con el que busca evitar que un sistema judicial, aún dominado por personas asignadas por el derrocado Hosni Mubarak, impida la compleja transición política en Egipto.
En reiteradas ocasiones el mandatario ha declarado que la medida es de carácter
temporalhasta que esté redactada la nueva constitución.
Lárgateo
el pueblo quiere la caída del régimen, gritaron los manifestantes este martes; muchos de ellos agitaron banderas egipcias y acusaron a la Hermandad Musulmana, a la que pertenece el mandatario, de haber
vendido la revolución.
Nuestras marchas son contra la tiranía y el nulo decreto constitucional, no nos retractaremos en nuestra posición hasta que nuestras demandas sean satisfechas, afirmó Hussein Abdel Ghany, vocero de los opositores.
También hubo muestras de rechazo en las ciudades de Alejandría, Sohag y Minya.
Al caer la noche, el número de manifestantes disminuyó. Muchas personas abandonaron el lugar o indicaron querer replegarse en la plaza Tahrir, en el centro de la ciudad, ocupada por militantes anti Mursi.
Precisamente en la plaza Tahrir, cientos de personas realizaron un plantón por décimosegundo día consecutivo para repudiar el decreto de Mursi, así como el borrador de constitución que, según dispuso el sábado, se votará en un referendo el 15 de diciembre.
Un grupo de personas se reunió cerca de la casa del mandatario en un suburbio de El Cairo, gritando consignas contra su decreto y contra la Hermandad Musulmana.
La policía cerró la calle para impedir que se acercaran más, dijo una fuente de seguridad. No hubo reporte de heridos o daños."
Plantón frente a tribunal
Otro plantón continuaba frente al Tribunal Constitucional en el
sureño distrito Maadi de la capital.
La corte anunció el domingo pasado la suspensión por tiempo indefinido de sus sesiones, después que miles de islamitas rodearon su edificio cuando iba a analizar la legalidad de la Asamblea Constituyente.
El diario Al Ahram, que citó fuentes judiciales que no identificó, dijo que el presidente del tribunal, Maher Buheiri, y otros magistrados ingresaron en el recinto bajo escolta de seguridad, pero no decidieron si reanudar las audiencias.
El Supremo Consejo Judicial Egipcio anunció que nominará jueces y fiscales para certificar la consulta y criticó al gremio de magistrados por
sobrepasar su autoridadal declarar el paro.
A las manifestaciones de este martes se unieron los periódicos independientes más leídos de Egipto, que no publicaron sus ediciones en protesta a lo que llamaron la
dictadurade Mursi.
El presidente islamita, que enfrenta la crisis más grave de su mandato de seis meses, no ha mostrado señales de ceder.
El jefe del Estado asegura que su decreto del 22 de noviembre es
temporal, a la espera de que entre en vigor la nueva Constitución; defiende que el objetivo es acelerar las reformas democráticas con un poder ejecutivo fuerte.
La oposición lo acusa de arrogarse poderes
dictatorialesy le exige que anule su decreto y la convocatoria del referendo.
Las autoridades responden que la consulta se mantiene y convocaron a los egipcios residentes en el extranjero a votar a partir de este sábado 8 de diciembre.
Los detractores del proyecto de nueva constitución, adoptado a marchas forzadas por una instancia dominada por los islamistas, aseguran que no protege derechos fundamentales como la libertad de expresión y temen que abra la puerta a una aplicación más estricta de la ley islámica o sharia.
Pese a las más recientes protestas, hasta el momento ha habido sólo una respuesta limitada al llamado de la oposición a una campaña de desobediencia civil en el país más poblado del mundo árabe y su centro cultural, donde muchos desean un retorno de la estabilidad.
Los islamistas, que ya han expulsado al ejército del mando político, sienten que llegó su momento para delinear el futuro de Egipto, un aliado de Estados Unidos, cuyo tratado de paz con Israel es una piedra fundamental de la política de Washington en Medio Oriente, según algunos analistas.
Estados Unidos pidió a los manifestantes que expresen
sus opiniones pacíficamentey que se les dé
espacio para protestar, indicó Mark Toner, portavoz del Departamento de Estado."
http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2012/12/05/mundo/029n1mun
---
"Text of Egyptian Constitution Draft
Published: December 1st, 2012
Latest update: December 2nd, 2012
Latest update: December 2nd, 2012
Parts of Egypt’s proposed constitution have been
translated by Egypt Independent. While quite long, the following is
not the complete translation.
Egypt Independent will be publishing a more complete version of the draft on
Sunday and you will be able to read it there.
CONSTITUTION PREAMBLE
We, the people of Egypt,
In the name of God and with the assistance of God,
declare this to be
In the name of God and with the assistance of God,
declare this to be
Egypt’s Constitution and the document of the
pioneering, peaceful revolution, which was started by Egypt’s promising youth,
protected by the Armed Forces, championed by the patient Egyptians who gathered
in Tahrir Square on 25 January 2011 to assert their rejection of all forms of
injustice, oppression, tyranny, plunder and monopoly, to fully proclaim their
rights to a decent life, to freedom, to social justice and human dignity — all
rights granted by God before being prescribed in constitutions and universal
declarations of human rights;
A promise of a new dawn worthy of Egypt’s history
and civilization, the same civilization that gave humanity the first alphabet,
that opened the way to monotheism and the knowledge of the Creator, adorned the
pages of history with creativity, established the oldest state on the banks of
the timeless Nile, while from the beginning understanding the meaning of
identity, and embodying the values of citizenship.
The great Egyptian people have regained their
freedom and dignity, and here they are now, going forth toward a new tomorrow,
more firmly joined to the historical moment, with greater faith in their
abilities and their fundamental principles, more determined to achieve the
objectives of their peaceful revolution, optimistic about a safe future under
the rubric of a free country, ready for hard work and for active participation
in the progress of human civilization.
Having restored a fresh spirit of unity between
Egyptians, men and women, the people’s revolution continues toward building a
modern democratic state, while preserving Egypt’s spiritual and social values,
its rich and unique constituents, and building on the integral fundamentals
expressed in the following principles:
One —
Sovereignty is for the people, the sole bearer of the right to set up the authorities, which derive their legitimacy from the people, are subject to the people’s control, are bound by the limits of their mandates and constitutional responsibilities, and are committed to protecting public funds, maintaining the State’s resources, and establishing the fundamentals of justice in the distribution thereof. The authorities shall uphold the principle that positions of public service amount to responsibilities and mandates, not to rights or privileges, and that their holders work to serve the interests of the citizens.
Sovereignty is for the people, the sole bearer of the right to set up the authorities, which derive their legitimacy from the people, are subject to the people’s control, are bound by the limits of their mandates and constitutional responsibilities, and are committed to protecting public funds, maintaining the State’s resources, and establishing the fundamentals of justice in the distribution thereof. The authorities shall uphold the principle that positions of public service amount to responsibilities and mandates, not to rights or privileges, and that their holders work to serve the interests of the citizens.
Two —
Democracy is the system of government established and expanding the grounds for peaceful transfer of power, supporting political pluralism, ensuring fair elections and the people’s contribution in the decision-making process.
Democracy is the system of government established and expanding the grounds for peaceful transfer of power, supporting political pluralism, ensuring fair elections and the people’s contribution in the decision-making process.
Three —
The freedom of citizens shall be upheld in all aspects of life, freedom of opinion and expression, and freedom in housing, property and travel, out of full belief in such freedom as a divine principle laid down by the Creator in the motion of the universe. God has created humans free and gifted them with the highest degree of refinement, intelligence and wisdom.
The freedom of citizens shall be upheld in all aspects of life, freedom of opinion and expression, and freedom in housing, property and travel, out of full belief in such freedom as a divine principle laid down by the Creator in the motion of the universe. God has created humans free and gifted them with the highest degree of refinement, intelligence and wisdom.
Four —
Equality before the law and equal opportunities for all citizens, men and women, without discrimination or nepotism, especially in the areas of education, employment, political rights, and economic and social rights, prioritizing the advancement of social justice.
Equality before the law and equal opportunities for all citizens, men and women, without discrimination or nepotism, especially in the areas of education, employment, political rights, and economic and social rights, prioritizing the advancement of social justice.
Five —
The rule of law is the basis of government. The freedom of individuals and the legitimacy of state authorities are ensured by the submission of the State and of individuals to the rule of law and the State’s commitment to the independence of the judiciary. The Egyptian judiciary shall carry out its mission in defending the constitution, upholding justice and protecting rights and freedoms.
The rule of law is the basis of government. The freedom of individuals and the legitimacy of state authorities are ensured by the submission of the State and of individuals to the rule of law and the State’s commitment to the independence of the judiciary. The Egyptian judiciary shall carry out its mission in defending the constitution, upholding justice and protecting rights and freedoms.
Six —
Respect for the individual, the cornerstone of the nation, whose dignity is a natural extension of national pride. Further, there is no dignity for a country in which women are not honored. Women are the sisters of men and hold the fort of motherhood; they are half of society and partners in all national gains and responsibilities.
Respect for the individual, the cornerstone of the nation, whose dignity is a natural extension of national pride. Further, there is no dignity for a country in which women are not honored. Women are the sisters of men and hold the fort of motherhood; they are half of society and partners in all national gains and responsibilities.
Seven —
Upholding national unity is an obligation of state and society, for it forms the basis of stability and national cohesion, the cornerstone of building a modern Egypt and of the path to progress and development. To that end, the values of tolerance and moderation shall be spread, and the rights and freedoms of all citizens shall be protected without discrimination.
Upholding national unity is an obligation of state and society, for it forms the basis of stability and national cohesion, the cornerstone of building a modern Egypt and of the path to progress and development. To that end, the values of tolerance and moderation shall be spread, and the rights and freedoms of all citizens shall be protected without discrimination.
Eight —
Defending the land is a duty and an honor in the service of which human resources and funds shall be mobilized. As the country’s protective shield, the Armed Forces have a special place in the minds of the Egyptian people. The Armed Forces form a professional and neutral national institution that does not interfere in political affairs. No other group is allowed to form military or paramilitary structures or engage in activities of military character.
Defending the land is a duty and an honor in the service of which human resources and funds shall be mobilized. As the country’s protective shield, the Armed Forces have a special place in the minds of the Egyptian people. The Armed Forces form a professional and neutral national institution that does not interfere in political affairs. No other group is allowed to form military or paramilitary structures or engage in activities of military character.
Nine —
Security is a great blessing. The role of security forces is to protect individuals and enforce the measures of justice. There can be no justice without protection, and no protection without security institutions capable of enforcing the state’s authority within a framework of respect for the rule of law and human dignity.
Security is a great blessing. The role of security forces is to protect individuals and enforce the measures of justice. There can be no justice without protection, and no protection without security institutions capable of enforcing the state’s authority within a framework of respect for the rule of law and human dignity.
Ten —
Peace based on justice for the whole world, political and social progress for all peoples. Independent national development can only occur when the creative potential of the Egyptian people is unleashed, recalling their contribution to the advancement of civilization, for themselves and for humanity as a whole.
Peace based on justice for the whole world, political and social progress for all peoples. Independent national development can only occur when the creative potential of the Egyptian people is unleashed, recalling their contribution to the advancement of civilization, for themselves and for humanity as a whole.
Eleven —
Arab unity is a call of history and of the future, and a demand of destiny that can only materialize under the protection of an Arab nation capable of warding off any threat, regardless of its source and the pretexts supporting it. Such unity is to be reinforced through the integration and brotherhood with countries of the Nile Valley and of the Muslim world, both a natural extension borne out of the distinctiveness of Egypt’s position on the global map.
Arab unity is a call of history and of the future, and a demand of destiny that can only materialize under the protection of an Arab nation capable of warding off any threat, regardless of its source and the pretexts supporting it. Such unity is to be reinforced through the integration and brotherhood with countries of the Nile Valley and of the Muslim world, both a natural extension borne out of the distinctiveness of Egypt’s position on the global map.
Twelve —
Emphasizing Egypt’s pioneering intellectual and cultural role in the whole world and in the region, embodied by a soft power which has brought forth, and still does, icons of Egyptian thought, art and creativity. Creative freedom and the safety of thinkers shall be ensured, and the state’s responsibility for the supporting institutions maintained: universities, science centers, linguistic and research centers, the press, the arts, literature and mass media, the national church and Al-Azhar, with its history as a mainstay of national identity, the Arabic language and Islamic Sharia, and as a beacon for moderate enlightened thought.
Emphasizing Egypt’s pioneering intellectual and cultural role in the whole world and in the region, embodied by a soft power which has brought forth, and still does, icons of Egyptian thought, art and creativity. Creative freedom and the safety of thinkers shall be ensured, and the state’s responsibility for the supporting institutions maintained: universities, science centers, linguistic and research centers, the press, the arts, literature and mass media, the national church and Al-Azhar, with its history as a mainstay of national identity, the Arabic language and Islamic Sharia, and as a beacon for moderate enlightened thought.
We, the people of Egypt,
Out of faith in God and His heavenly messages,
In recognition of the right of the country and the nation,
With awareness of our responsibilities toward the nation and humanity,
Out of faith in God and His heavenly messages,
In recognition of the right of the country and the nation,
With awareness of our responsibilities toward the nation and humanity,
Pledge to stay committed to the principles laid
out in this Preamble, which we hold to be an integral part of this Constitution
that we accept and grant to ourselves, affirming our determination to uphold
and defend it, and asserting that it shall be respected by all.
PART I: STATE AND SOCIETY
Chapter One: Political principles
Article 1
The Arab Republic of Egypt is an independent sovereign state, united and indivisible, its system democratic. The Egyptian people are part of the Arab and Islamic nations, proud of belonging to the Nile Valley and Africa and of its Asian reach, a positive participant in human civilization.
The Arab Republic of Egypt is an independent sovereign state, united and indivisible, its system democratic. The Egyptian people are part of the Arab and Islamic nations, proud of belonging to the Nile Valley and Africa and of its Asian reach, a positive participant in human civilization.
Article 2
Islam is the religion of the state and Arabic its official language. Principles of Islamic Sharia are the principal source of legislation.
Islam is the religion of the state and Arabic its official language. Principles of Islamic Sharia are the principal source of legislation.
Article 3
The canon principles of Egyptian Christians and Jews are the main source of legislation for their personal status laws, religious affairs, and the selection of their spiritual leaders.
The canon principles of Egyptian Christians and Jews are the main source of legislation for their personal status laws, religious affairs, and the selection of their spiritual leaders.
Article 4
Al-Azhar is an encompassing independent Islamic institution, with exclusive autonomy over its own affairs, responsible for preaching Islam, theology and the Arabic language in Egypt and the world. Al-Azhar Senior Scholars are to be consulted in matters pertaining to Islamic law.
Al-Azhar is an encompassing independent Islamic institution, with exclusive autonomy over its own affairs, responsible for preaching Islam, theology and the Arabic language in Egypt and the world. Al-Azhar Senior Scholars are to be consulted in matters pertaining to Islamic law.
The post of Al-Azhar Grand Sheikh is independent
and cannot be dismissed. The method of appointing the Grand Sheikh from among
members of the Senior Scholars is to be determined by law.
The State shall ensure sufficient funds for
Al-Azhar to achieve its objectives.
All of the above is subject to law regulations.
Article 5
Sovereignty is for the people alone and they are the source of authority. The people shall exercise and protect this sovereignty, and safeguard national unity in the manner specified in the Constitution.
Sovereignty is for the people alone and they are the source of authority. The people shall exercise and protect this sovereignty, and safeguard national unity in the manner specified in the Constitution.
Article 6
The political system is based on the principles of democracy and shura (counsel), citizenship (under which all citizens are equal in rights and duties), multi-party pluralism, peaceful transfer of power, separation of powers and the balance between them, the rule of law, and respect for human rights and freedoms; all as elaborated in the Constitution.
The political system is based on the principles of democracy and shura (counsel), citizenship (under which all citizens are equal in rights and duties), multi-party pluralism, peaceful transfer of power, separation of powers and the balance between them, the rule of law, and respect for human rights and freedoms; all as elaborated in the Constitution.
No political party shall be formed that
discriminates on the basis of gender, origin or religion.
Article 7
Defense of the motherland and its soil is a sacred duty, and conscription is obligatory in accordance with the law.
Defense of the motherland and its soil is a sacred duty, and conscription is obligatory in accordance with the law.
Chapter Two: Social and ethical
principles
Article 8
The State guarantees the means to achieve justice, equality and freedom, and is committed to facilitating the channels of social charity and solidarity between the members of society, and to ensure the protection of persons and property, and to working toward providing for all citizens; all within the context of the law.
The State guarantees the means to achieve justice, equality and freedom, and is committed to facilitating the channels of social charity and solidarity between the members of society, and to ensure the protection of persons and property, and to working toward providing for all citizens; all within the context of the law.
Article 9
The State shall ensure safety, security and equal opportunities for all citizens without discrimination.
The State shall ensure safety, security and equal opportunities for all citizens without discrimination.
Article 10
The family is the basis of the society and is founded on religion, morality and patriotism.
The family is the basis of the society and is founded on religion, morality and patriotism.
The State is keen to preserve the genuine
character of the Egyptian family, its cohesion and stability, and to protect
its moral values, all as regulated by law.
The State shall ensure maternal and child health
services free of charge, and enable the reconciliation between the duties of a
woman toward her family and her work.
The State shall provide special care and
protection to female breadwinners, divorced women and widows.
Article 11
The State shall safeguard ethics, public morality and public order, and foster a high level of education and of religious and patriotic values, scientific thinking, Arab culture, and the historical and cultural heritage of the people; all as shall be regulated by law.
The State shall safeguard ethics, public morality and public order, and foster a high level of education and of religious and patriotic values, scientific thinking, Arab culture, and the historical and cultural heritage of the people; all as shall be regulated by law.
Article 12
The State shall safeguard the cultural and linguistic constituents of society, and foster the Arabization of education, science and knowledge.
The State shall safeguard the cultural and linguistic constituents of society, and foster the Arabization of education, science and knowledge.
Article 13
The institution of civil titles shall be prohibited.
The institution of civil titles shall be prohibited.
Chapter Three: Economic Principles
Article 14
National economy shall be organized in accordance with a comprehensive, constant development plan, ensuring the increase of national income, enhancement of standard of living, elimination of poverty and unemployment, increase of work opportunities, and increase of production.
National economy shall be organized in accordance with a comprehensive, constant development plan, ensuring the increase of national income, enhancement of standard of living, elimination of poverty and unemployment, increase of work opportunities, and increase of production.
The development plan shall establish social
justice and solidarity, ensure equitable distribution, protect consumer rights,
and safeguard the rights of workers, dividing development costs between capital
and labor and sharing the revenues justly.
Wages shall be linked to production, bridging
income gaps and establishing a minimum wage that would guarantee decent living
standards for all citizens, and a maximum wage in civil service positions with
exemptions regulated by law.
Article 15
Agriculture is an essential asset of the national economy. The State shall protect and increase farmland, work on the development of crop and plant varieties, develop and protect animal breeds and fisheries, achieve food security, provide the requirements of agricultural production, its good management and marketing, and support agricultural industries.
Agriculture is an essential asset of the national economy. The State shall protect and increase farmland, work on the development of crop and plant varieties, develop and protect animal breeds and fisheries, achieve food security, provide the requirements of agricultural production, its good management and marketing, and support agricultural industries.
The law regulates the use of land, in such a way
as to achieve social justice, and protect farmers and agricultural laborer from
exploitation.
Article 16
The State is committed to the development of the countryside and the desert, working to raise the standard of living of the farmers and the people of the desert.
The State is committed to the development of the countryside and the desert, working to raise the standard of living of the farmers and the people of the desert.
Article 17
Industry is an essential asset of the national economy. The State shall protect strategic industries, support industrial development, and import new technologies and their applications.
Industry is an essential asset of the national economy. The State shall protect strategic industries, support industrial development, and import new technologies and their applications.
The State shall foster small handicraft
industries.
Article 18
The natural resources of the State belong to the people, who have a right to their revenues. The State is committed to preserving such resources for future generations and putting them to good use.
The natural resources of the State belong to the people, who have a right to their revenues. The State is committed to preserving such resources for future generations and putting them to good use.
State property is not to be disposed of. The
franchise to use, or the commitment to a public utility, can only be granted
according to legal regulations.
All money with no owner belongs to the State.
All money with no owner belongs to the State.
Article 19
The Nile River and water resources are a national wealth. The State is committed to maintaining and developing them, and preventing abuse. The use of such resources shall be regulated by law.
The Nile River and water resources are a national wealth. The State is committed to maintaining and developing them, and preventing abuse. The use of such resources shall be regulated by law.
Article 20
The State shall protect its coasts, seas, waterways and lakes, maintain monuments and nature reserves, and remove any encroachments.
The State shall protect its coasts, seas, waterways and lakes, maintain monuments and nature reserves, and remove any encroachments.
Article 21
The State guarantees and protects legitimate ownership of all kinds of public, cooperative and private property and endowments, as shall be regulated by law.
The State guarantees and protects legitimate ownership of all kinds of public, cooperative and private property and endowments, as shall be regulated by law.
Article 22
Public funds are inviolable. It is a national duty of the State and society to safeguard them.
Public funds are inviolable. It is a national duty of the State and society to safeguard them.
Article 23
The State shall support cooperatives in all forms and ensure their independence.
The State shall support cooperatives in all forms and ensure their independence.
Article 24
Private property is inviolable and has a function in the service of national economy without deviation or monopoly. The right of inheritance shall be safeguarded. Private property may not be placed under sequestration except in cases specified by law, and with a court order. Ownership of property may not be removed except in cases where the public good requires and with just compensation paid in advance.
Private property is inviolable and has a function in the service of national economy without deviation or monopoly. The right of inheritance shall be safeguarded. Private property may not be placed under sequestration except in cases specified by law, and with a court order. Ownership of property may not be removed except in cases where the public good requires and with just compensation paid in advance.
All of the above shall be regulated by law.
Article 25
The State is committed to reviving and encouraging the system of charitable endowments. The way an endowment is established, the management of its funds, their investment and the distribution of proceeds to the beneficiaries, shall all be regulated by law, according to the terms of the trustee.
The State is committed to reviving and encouraging the system of charitable endowments. The way an endowment is established, the management of its funds, their investment and the distribution of proceeds to the beneficiaries, shall all be regulated by law, according to the terms of the trustee.
Article 26
Social justice is the foundation of taxation and other public finance duties.
Social justice is the foundation of taxation and other public finance duties.
Public taxes shall not be established, modified
or repealed except by law. There shall be no exemptions except in the cases
prescribed by law. No one shall be required to pay additional taxes or fees
except within the limits of the law.
Article 27
Workers shall have a share of the management and profits of enterprises. They shall be committed in turn to the development of production, to protecting its means and to the implementation of plans in their production units, in accordance with the law.
Workers shall have a share of the management and profits of enterprises. They shall be committed in turn to the development of production, to protecting its means and to the implementation of plans in their production units, in accordance with the law.
Workers shall be represented on the boards of
directors of public sector units within the limit of 50 percent of the number
of members of these boards. The law shall guarantee for small farmers and small
craftsmen 80 percent of membership on the boards of directors of agricultural
and industrial cooperatives.
Article 28
Saving is encouraged and protected by the State. The State shall also safeguard insurance and pension funds, in accordance with legal regulations.
Saving is encouraged and protected by the State. The State shall also safeguard insurance and pension funds, in accordance with legal regulations.
Article 29
Nationalization shall not be allowed except for in consideration of public interest, in accordance with the law and against fair compensation.
Nationalization shall not be allowed except for in consideration of public interest, in accordance with the law and against fair compensation.
Article 30
Public sequestration of property shall be prohibited.
Public sequestration of property shall be prohibited.
Private sequestration shall not be allowed except
under a court judgment.
PART II: RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS
Chapter One: Personal rights
Article 31
Dignity is the right of every human being, safeguarded by the State.
Dignity is the right of every human being, safeguarded by the State.
Insulting or showing contempt toward any human
being shall be prohibited.
Article 32
Egyptian nationality is a right, regulated by law.
Egyptian nationality is a right, regulated by law.
Article 33
All citizens are equal before the law. They have equal public rights and duties without discrimination.
All citizens are equal before the law. They have equal public rights and duties without discrimination.
Article 34
Individual freedom is a natural right, safeguarded and inviolable.
Individual freedom is a natural right, safeguarded and inviolable.
Article 35
Except in cases of flagrante delicto, no person may be arrested, inspected, detained or prevented from free movement except under a court order necessitated by investigations.
Except in cases of flagrante delicto, no person may be arrested, inspected, detained or prevented from free movement except under a court order necessitated by investigations.
Any person arrested or detained must be informed
of the reasons in writing within 12 hours, be presented to the investigating
authority within 24 hours from the time of arrest, be interrogated only in the
presence of a lawyer, and be provided with a lawyer when needed.
The person arrested or detained, and others, have
the right of appeal to the courts against the measure of arrest. If a decision
is not provided within a week, release becomes imperative.
The law regulates the rules for temporary
detention, its duration and its causes, and cases of entitlement to
compensation, whether for temporary detention or for a sentence carried out
that a court final ruling has revoked.
Article 36
Any person arrested, detained or whose freedom is restricted in any way, shall be treated in a manner preserving human dignity. No physical or moral harm shall be inflicted upon that person.
Any person arrested, detained or whose freedom is restricted in any way, shall be treated in a manner preserving human dignity. No physical or moral harm shall be inflicted upon that person.
Only places that are humanely and hygienically
fit, and subject to judicial supervision, may be used for detention.
The violation of any of the above is an offense
punishable by law.
Any statement proved to have been made by a
person under any of the aforementioned forms of duress or coercion or under the
threat thereof, shall be considered invalid and futile.
Article 37
Prison is a place of discipline and reform, subject to judicial supervision, where anything that is contrary to human dignity or a person’s health is prohibited.
Prison is a place of discipline and reform, subject to judicial supervision, where anything that is contrary to human dignity or a person’s health is prohibited.
The State is responsible for the rehabilitation
of convicts and facilitating a decent life for them after their release.
Article 38
The private life of citizens is inviolable. Postal correspondence, wires, electronic correspondence, telephone calls and other means of communication shall have their own sanctity and secrecy and may not be confiscated or monitored except by a causal judicial warrant.
The private life of citizens is inviolable. Postal correspondence, wires, electronic correspondence, telephone calls and other means of communication shall have their own sanctity and secrecy and may not be confiscated or monitored except by a causal judicial warrant.
Article 39
Private homes are inviolable. With the exception of cases of immediate danger and distress, they may not be entered, searched or monitored, except in cases defined by law, and by a causal judicial warrant which specifies place, timing and purpose. Those in a home shall be alerted before the home is entered or searched.
Private homes are inviolable. With the exception of cases of immediate danger and distress, they may not be entered, searched or monitored, except in cases defined by law, and by a causal judicial warrant which specifies place, timing and purpose. Those in a home shall be alerted before the home is entered or searched.
Article 40
All residents have a right to security which is safeguarded by the State, and are protected by law against criminal threats.
All residents have a right to security which is safeguarded by the State, and are protected by law against criminal threats.
Article 41
The sanctity of the human body is inviolable, and the trafficking of human organs prohibited. No person may be subjected to any medical or scientific experiment without free, documented consent, and in accordance with the established foundations of medical science, in the manner regulated by law.
The sanctity of the human body is inviolable, and the trafficking of human organs prohibited. No person may be subjected to any medical or scientific experiment without free, documented consent, and in accordance with the established foundations of medical science, in the manner regulated by law.
Article 42
Freedom of movement, residence and immigration shall be safeguarded.
Freedom of movement, residence and immigration shall be safeguarded.
No citizen may be deported from or prevented from
returning to the country.
No citizen shall be prevented from leaving the
country, nor placed under house arrest, except by a causal judicial warrant,
and for a definite period.
Chapter Two: Moral and political rights
Article 43
Freedom of belief is an inviolable right.
Freedom of belief is an inviolable right.
The State shall guarantee the freedom to practice
religious rites and to establish places of worship for the divine religions, as
regulated by law.
Article 44
Insult or abuse of all religious messengers and prophets shall be prohibited.
Insult or abuse of all religious messengers and prophets shall be prohibited.
Article 45
Freedom of thought and opinion shall be guaranteed.
Freedom of thought and opinion shall be guaranteed.
Every individual has the right to express an
opinion and to disseminate it verbally, in writing or illustration, or by any
other means of publication and expression.
Article 46
Freedom of creativity in its various forms is the right of every citizen.
Freedom of creativity in its various forms is the right of every citizen.
The State shall advance science, literature and
the arts, care for creators and inventors, protect their creations and
innovations, and work to apply them for the benefit of society.
The State shall take the necessary measures to
preserve the nation’s cultural heritage and promote cultural services.
Article 47
Access to information, data, documents and statistics, and the disclosure and circulation thereof, is a right guaranteed by the state, in a manner that does not violate the sanctity of private life or the rights of others, and that does not conflict with national security.
Access to information, data, documents and statistics, and the disclosure and circulation thereof, is a right guaranteed by the state, in a manner that does not violate the sanctity of private life or the rights of others, and that does not conflict with national security.
The law regulates the rules for filing and
archiving public documents, the means of access to information, the means of
complaint when access is refused, and the consequent accountability.
Article 48
Freedom of the press, printing, publication and mass media shall be guaranteed. The media shall be free and independent to serve the community and to express the different trends in public opinion, and contribute to shaping and directing in accordance with the basic principles of the State and society, and to maintain rights, freedoms and public duties, respecting the sanctity of the private lives of citizens and the requirements of national security. The closure or confiscation of media outlets is prohibited except with a court order.
Freedom of the press, printing, publication and mass media shall be guaranteed. The media shall be free and independent to serve the community and to express the different trends in public opinion, and contribute to shaping and directing in accordance with the basic principles of the State and society, and to maintain rights, freedoms and public duties, respecting the sanctity of the private lives of citizens and the requirements of national security. The closure or confiscation of media outlets is prohibited except with a court order.
Control over the media is prohibited, with the
exception of specific censorship that may be imposed in times of war or public
mobilization.
Article 49
Freedom to publish and own newspapers of all kinds is a guaranteed subject of notification for every natural or juridical Egyptian person.
Freedom to publish and own newspapers of all kinds is a guaranteed subject of notification for every natural or juridical Egyptian person.
The establishing of radio stations, television
broadcasting and digital media is regulated by law.
Article 50
Citizens have the right to organize public meetings, processions and peaceful demonstrations, unarmed and based on the notification regulated by law.
Citizens have the right to organize public meetings, processions and peaceful demonstrations, unarmed and based on the notification regulated by law.
The right to private assembly is guaranteed
without the need for prior notice. Security personnel shall not attend or
intercept such private meetings.
Article 51
Citizens have the right to establish associations and civil institutions, subject to notification only. Such institutions shall operate freely, and be deemed legal persons.
Citizens have the right to establish associations and civil institutions, subject to notification only. Such institutions shall operate freely, and be deemed legal persons.
Authorities may not disband them or their
administrative bodies without a court order, in the manner prescribed by the
law.
Article 52
The freedom to form syndicates, unions and cooperatives is a right guaranteed by law. They shall be deemed legal persons, be formed on a democratic basis, operate freely, participate in the service of community service, raising the standard of productivity among their members, and safeguarding their assets.
The freedom to form syndicates, unions and cooperatives is a right guaranteed by law. They shall be deemed legal persons, be formed on a democratic basis, operate freely, participate in the service of community service, raising the standard of productivity among their members, and safeguarding their assets.
Authorities may not disband them or their boards
except under a court order.
Article 53
Trade unions are regulated by law and managed on a democratic basis, the accountability of their members subject to professional codes of ethics. One trade union is allowed per profession.
Trade unions are regulated by law and managed on a democratic basis, the accountability of their members subject to professional codes of ethics. One trade union is allowed per profession.
Authorities may not disband the boards of trade
unions except with a court order, and may not place them under sequestration.
Article 54
Every individual has the right to address public authorities in writing and under his own signature.
Every individual has the right to address public authorities in writing and under his own signature.
Addressing public authorities should not be in
the name of groups, with the exception of juridical persons.
Article 55
Citizen participation in public life and a national duty: Every citizen shall have the right to vote, run for elections, and express opinions in referendums, according to the provisions of the law.
Citizen participation in public life and a national duty: Every citizen shall have the right to vote, run for elections, and express opinions in referendums, according to the provisions of the law.
The State is responsible for the inclusion of the
name of every citizen who is qualified to vote in the voters’ database without
waiting for an application.
The State shall ensure the fairness, validity,
impartiality and integrity of referendums and elections. Interference in
anything of the above is a crime punishable by law.
Article 56
The State shall safeguard the interests of Egyptians living abroad, protect them and protect their rights and freedoms, help them perform their public duties toward the Egyptian State and society, and encourage their contribution to the development of the nation.
The State shall safeguard the interests of Egyptians living abroad, protect them and protect their rights and freedoms, help them perform their public duties toward the Egyptian State and society, and encourage their contribution to the development of the nation.
Their participation in elections and referendums
is regulated by law.
Article 57
The right to political asylum shall be granted by the State to every foreigner deprived in their country of public rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution.
The right to political asylum shall be granted by the State to every foreigner deprived in their country of public rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution.
Extradition of political refugees is prohibited.
All of the above shall be subject to law
regulations.
Chapter Three: Economic and social rights
Article 58
High-quality education is a right guaranteed by the State for every citizen. It is free throughout its stages in all government institutions, obligatory in the primary stage, and the State shall work to extend obligation to other stages.
High-quality education is a right guaranteed by the State for every citizen. It is free throughout its stages in all government institutions, obligatory in the primary stage, and the State shall work to extend obligation to other stages.
The State supports and encourages technical
education, and oversees education in all its forms.
All educational institutions, public and private,
local and otherwise shall abide by the State educational plans and goals, and
realize the link between education and the needs of society and production.
Article 59
The State shall guarantee the freedom of scientific and literary research. The autonomy of universities, scientific and linguistic academies, and research centers shall be safeguarded; the State shall provide them with a sufficient percentage of the national revenue.
The State shall guarantee the freedom of scientific and literary research. The autonomy of universities, scientific and linguistic academies, and research centers shall be safeguarded; the State shall provide them with a sufficient percentage of the national revenue.
Article 60
The Arabic language is a primary subject in all stages of education in all educational institutions.
The Arabic language is a primary subject in all stages of education in all educational institutions.
Religious education and national history are core
subjects of pre-university education in all its forms.
Universities shall be committed to the teaching
of ethics pertaining to the various disciplines.
Article 61
The State shall develop a comprehensive plan to eradicate illiteracy across ages, for males and females, to be executed with social participation within 10 years from the date of the constitution.
The State shall develop a comprehensive plan to eradicate illiteracy across ages, for males and females, to be executed with social participation within 10 years from the date of the constitution.
Article 62
Healthcare is a right of every citizen, and the State shall allocate a sufficient percentage of the national revenue.
Healthcare is a right of every citizen, and the State shall allocate a sufficient percentage of the national revenue.
The State shall provide healthcare services and
health insurance in accordance with just and high standards, to be free of
charge for those who are unable to pay.
All health facilities shall provide various forms
of medical treatment to every citizen in cases of emergency or life danger.
The State shall supervise all health facilities,
inspect them for quality of services, and monitor all materials, products and
means of health-related publicity. Legislation to regulate such supervision
shall be drafted.
Article 63
Work is a right, duty and honor for every citizen, guaranteed by the State on the basis of the principles of equality, justice and equal opportunities.
Work is a right, duty and honor for every citizen, guaranteed by the State on the basis of the principles of equality, justice and equal opportunities.
There shall be no forced labor except in
accordance with law.
Public sector employees shall work in the service
of the people. The State shall employ citizens on the basis of merit, without
nepotism or mediation. Any violation is a crime punishable by law.
The State guarantees for every worker the right
to fair pay, vacation, retirement and social security, healthcare, protection
against occupational hazards, and the application of occupational safety
conditions in the workplace, as prescribed by law.
Workers may not be dismissed except in the cases
prescribed by law.
The right to peaceful strike is regulated by law.
Article 64
With regards to the martyrs and the injured of wars, of the 25 January revolution, and of national duty, the State shall honor them and support their families, as well as war veterans and the injured, the families of those missing at war, and similar cases.
With regards to the martyrs and the injured of wars, of the 25 January revolution, and of national duty, the State shall honor them and support their families, as well as war veterans and the injured, the families of those missing at war, and similar cases.
They, their children and their wives shall have
priority in employment opportunities.
All of the above shall be regulated by law.
Article 65
The State shall provide social insurance services.
The State shall provide social insurance services.
All citizens unable to support themselves and
their families in cases of incapacity, unemployment and old age have the right
to social insurance guaranteeing a minimum sustenance.
Article 66
The State shall provide an adequate pension for small-scale farmers, agricultural workers, casual workers, and all who do not have access to the social insurance system.
The State shall provide an adequate pension for small-scale farmers, agricultural workers, casual workers, and all who do not have access to the social insurance system.
All are subject to law regulations.
Article 67
Adequate housing, clean water and healthy food are given rights.
Adequate housing, clean water and healthy food are given rights.
The state adopts a national housing plan, its
basis in social justice, the promotion of independent initiatives and housing
cooperatives, and the regulation of the use of national territory for the
purposes of construction, in accordance with public interest and with the
rights of future generations.
Article 68
Everyone has the right to play sports.
Everyone has the right to play sports.
State and social institutions shall strive to
discover talented athletes and support them, and take the necessary measures to
encourage exercise.
Article 69
All individuals have the right to a healthy environment. The State shall safeguard the environment against pollution, and promote the use of natural resources in a manner that prevents damage to the environment and preserves the rights of future generations.
All individuals have the right to a healthy environment. The State shall safeguard the environment against pollution, and promote the use of natural resources in a manner that prevents damage to the environment and preserves the rights of future generations.
Article 70
Every child, from the moment of birth, has the right to a proper name, family care, basic nutrition, shelter, health services, and religious, emotional and cognitive development.
Every child, from the moment of birth, has the right to a proper name, family care, basic nutrition, shelter, health services, and religious, emotional and cognitive development.
The State shall care and protect the child in the
case of the loss of family. The State also safeguards the rights of disabled
children, and their rehabilitation and integration into society.
Child labor is prohibited before passing the age
of compulsory education, in jobs that are not fit for a child’s age, or that
prevent the child from continuing education.
A child may only be detained for a specified
period, must be provided with legal assistance, and be held in a convenient
location, taking into account separation according to gender, ages and type of
crime, and be held away from places of adult detention.
Article 71
The State shall provide care for children and youth; shall support their development spiritually, morally, culturally, educationally, physically, psychologically, socially and economically; and shall empower them for active political participation.
The State shall provide care for children and youth; shall support their development spiritually, morally, culturally, educationally, physically, psychologically, socially and economically; and shall empower them for active political participation.
Article 72
The State shall provide for people with disabilities health, economic and social care, and shall provide them with employment opportunities, raise social awareness toward them, and adapt public facilities to suit their needs.
The State shall provide for people with disabilities health, economic and social care, and shall provide them with employment opportunities, raise social awareness toward them, and adapt public facilities to suit their needs.
Article 73
All forms of oppression, exploitation and sex trafficking are prohibited and criminalized by law.
All forms of oppression, exploitation and sex trafficking are prohibited and criminalized by law.
Chapter Four: Guarantees for the protection
of rights and freedoms
Article 74
Sovereignty of the law shall be the basis of rule in the State.
Sovereignty of the law shall be the basis of rule in the State.
The independence and immunity of the judiciary
are two basic guarantees to safeguard rights and freedoms.
Article 75
The right to litigation is inalienable and guaranteed for all.
The right to litigation is inalienable and guaranteed for all.
The State shall guarantee accessibility of
judicature for litigants, and rapid decision on cases.
Any stipulation of immunity of any act or
administrative decision from the control of the judicature is prohibited.
No person shall be tried except before their
natural judge; exceptional courts are prohibited.
Article 76
Penalty shall be personalized. There shall be no crime or penalty except by virtue of the law. No penalty shall be inflicted except by a judicial sentence. Penalty shall be inflicted only for acts committed subsequent to the promulgation of the law prescribing it.
Penalty shall be personalized. There shall be no crime or penalty except by virtue of the law. No penalty shall be inflicted except by a judicial sentence. Penalty shall be inflicted only for acts committed subsequent to the promulgation of the law prescribing it.
Article 77
No criminal action shall be made except under an order from a judiciary body, save for cases defined by law.
No criminal action shall be made except under an order from a judiciary body, save for cases defined by law.
A defendant is innocent until proven guilty in
legal trial, and granted the right of defense. Every person accused of a felony
shall be provided with a defense lawyer. Minor offenses, in which a defense
lawyer is also required, are determined by law.
The law regulates the rules of appeal for
felonies and offenses.
The state shall provide protection for victims of
crime, witnesses, defendants and informants where necessary.
Article 78
The right of defense in person or by proxy is guaranteed.
The right of defense in person or by proxy is guaranteed.
The law secures, for financially incapable
citizens, means to resort to justice and to defend their rights.
Article 79
Sentences shall be issued and enforced in the name of the people. Abstention from or obstruction of enforcing such sentences on the part of the concerned civil servants is considered a crime punishable by law. In such case, a person issued a sentence in his favor shall have the right to lodge a direct criminal action before the competent court.
Sentences shall be issued and enforced in the name of the people. Abstention from or obstruction of enforcing such sentences on the part of the concerned civil servants is considered a crime punishable by law. In such case, a person issued a sentence in his favor shall have the right to lodge a direct criminal action before the competent court.
Article 80
Any encroachment on any of the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution shall be considered a crime for which criminal and civil lawsuit shall not be forfeited by prescription. The State shall grant a fair compensation to the victim of such encroachment.
Any encroachment on any of the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution shall be considered a crime for which criminal and civil lawsuit shall not be forfeited by prescription. The State shall grant a fair compensation to the victim of such encroachment.
The injured party shall have the right to lodge a
direct criminal action.
The National Council for Human Rights shall
inform the Public Prosecution of any violation of these rights, may join the
injured party in a civil action, and may appeal on their behalf.
Article 81
Rights and freedoms pertaining to the individual citizen shall not be subject to disruption or detraction.
Rights and freedoms pertaining to the individual citizen shall not be subject to disruption or detraction.
No law that regulates the practice of the rights
and freedoms shall include what would constrain their essence.
Such rights and freedoms shall be practiced in a
manner not conflicting with the principles pertaining to State and society
included in Part I of this Constitution.
PART III: PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
Chapter One: Legislative authority
Section 1: Common provisions
Article 82
The legislative power shall consist of the House of Representatives and the Shura Council.
The legislative power shall consist of the House of Representatives and the Shura Council.
Each shall exercise their respective authorities
as set out in the Constitution.
Article 83
Membership of the House of Representatives and the Shura Council may not be combined.
Membership of the House of Representatives and the Shura Council may not be combined.
Other cases of incompatibility may be specified
by law.
Article 84
Save in exceptional cases defined by law, members of either the House of Representatives or the Shura Council are to be fully devoted to their offices, with any other job or post kept open for their return, in accordance with the provisions of the law.
Save in exceptional cases defined by law, members of either the House of Representatives or the Shura Council are to be fully devoted to their offices, with any other job or post kept open for their return, in accordance with the provisions of the law.
Article 85
A Member of a Legislative House is unconditionally representative of the population as a whole.
A Member of a Legislative House is unconditionally representative of the population as a whole.
Article 86
Prior to the start of his or her tenure, a Member shall take the following oath before his or her Council: “I swear by Almighty God to loyally uphold the republican system, to respect the Constitution and the law, to fully look after the interests of the people, and to safeguard the independence and territorial integrity of the motherland.”
Prior to the start of his or her tenure, a Member shall take the following oath before his or her Council: “I swear by Almighty God to loyally uphold the republican system, to respect the Constitution and the law, to fully look after the interests of the people, and to safeguard the independence and territorial integrity of the motherland.”
Article 87
The Court of Cassation shall have final jurisdiction over the validity of memberships in both Houses. Challenges shall be submitted to the court within a period not exceeding 30 days from the announcement of the final election results, and a verdict shall be passed within 60 days from the date of receipt of the challenge.
The Court of Cassation shall have final jurisdiction over the validity of memberships in both Houses. Challenges shall be submitted to the court within a period not exceeding 30 days from the announcement of the final election results, and a verdict shall be passed within 60 days from the date of receipt of the challenge.
Where a membership is deemed invalid, it becomes
void from the date the verdict is reported to Parliament.
Article 88
Throughout his or her tenure, no Member of a Legislative House may, in person of through an intermediary, purchase or rent any State property, lease or sell to or barter with the State any part of their own property, or conclude a contract with the State as vendor, supplier or contractor.
Throughout his or her tenure, no Member of a Legislative House may, in person of through an intermediary, purchase or rent any State property, lease or sell to or barter with the State any part of their own property, or conclude a contract with the State as vendor, supplier or contractor.
Members shall provide financial disclosures and
present them to their Council, at the start and at the end of their tenure, as
well as at the end of each year.
If, in relation to their membership in a
Legislative House, Members should receive cash or in-kind gifts, such gifts
shall go into the Public Treasury.
All of the above is subject to regulation by law.
Article 89
Members of the Legislative Houses shall not be held to account for any opinions pertaining to their tasks in Parliament.
Members of the Legislative Houses shall not be held to account for any opinions pertaining to their tasks in Parliament.
Article 90
It is prohibited, except in cases of flagrante delicto, to take criminal action against Members of the Legislative Houses without prior permission from their Council. If not in session, permission must be granted by the Council Office, and the House of Representatives or Shura Council notified at the first subsequent session of any measures taken.
It is prohibited, except in cases of flagrante delicto, to take criminal action against Members of the Legislative Houses without prior permission from their Council. If not in session, permission must be granted by the Council Office, and the House of Representatives or Shura Council notified at the first subsequent session of any measures taken.
In all cases, if a request for permission to take
legal action against a Member of Parliament does not receive a response within
30 days, the permission is to be considered granted.
Article 91
Members shall receive a remuneration determined by the law.
Members shall receive a remuneration determined by the law.
Article 92
The seats of both the House of Representatives and the Shura Council are in Cairo.
The seats of both the House of Representatives and the Shura Council are in Cairo.
However, in exceptional circumstances, either of
them may hold meetings elsewhere, at the request of the President of the
Republic or one-third of the members of the House or Council.
Any meetings otherwise shall be deemed
illegitimate and the resolutions passed therein shall be considered void.
Article 93
The sessions of the House of Representatives and the Shura Council shall be held in public.
The sessions of the House of Representatives and the Shura Council shall be held in public.
However, closed sessions may be held at the
request of the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister, or at least 20 of
its members. The House of Representatives or Shura Council shall then decide
whether the debate on the question submitted thereto shall take place in public
or closed sessions.
Article 94
The President of the Republic shall convoke the House of Representatives and the Shura Council for their ordinary annual sessions before the first Thursday of October. If not convoked, the Councils are prescribed by the Constitution to meet on the said day.
The President of the Republic shall convoke the House of Representatives and the Shura Council for their ordinary annual sessions before the first Thursday of October. If not convoked, the Councils are prescribed by the Constitution to meet on the said day.
The ordinary meeting session shall continue for
at least eight months. The President of the Republic shall bring each session
to a close with the approval of the Councils, and in the case of the House of
Representatives, only after the general budget of the State has been adopted.
Article 95
When necessary, the House of Representatives or the Shura Council may be called to an extraordinary meeting, by the President of the Republic, by the Cabinet, or upon a request signed by at least 10 Shura Council or House of Representatives members.
When necessary, the House of Representatives or the Shura Council may be called to an extraordinary meeting, by the President of the Republic, by the Cabinet, or upon a request signed by at least 10 Shura Council or House of Representatives members.
Article 96
The meetings of the House of Representatives or Shura Council, and the resolutions they pass, shall not be considered valid unless attended by the majority of its members.
The meetings of the House of Representatives or Shura Council, and the resolutions they pass, shall not be considered valid unless attended by the majority of its members.
In cases other than those stipulating a special
majority, resolutions shall be adopted based on an absolute majority of the
members present. In case of a tie vote, the matter in deliberation shall be
deemed rejected.
Article 97
Each Council shall elect, in the first meeting of its regular annual session, a speaker and two deputy speakers for the full legislative term in the case of the House of Representatives, and for half of the legislative term in the case of the Shura Council. If the seat of either becomes vacant, the Shura Council or House of Representatives shall elect a replacement, whose term will last until the end of its predecessor’s.
Each Council shall elect, in the first meeting of its regular annual session, a speaker and two deputy speakers for the full legislative term in the case of the House of Representatives, and for half of the legislative term in the case of the Shura Council. If the seat of either becomes vacant, the Shura Council or House of Representatives shall elect a replacement, whose term will last until the end of its predecessor’s.
In all cases, one-third of the members of either
House could request a new election of the Speaker or Deputy Speakers in the
first meeting of the regular annual session.
Article 98
If the presidency is temporarily assumed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives or of the Shura Council, said Council shall be chaired by the older of the two Deputy Speakers.
If the presidency is temporarily assumed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives or of the Shura Council, said Council shall be chaired by the older of the two Deputy Speakers.
Article 99
Each Council shall lay down its own bylaws regulating its work and the manner of practicing its functions, to be published in the Official Gazette.
Each Council shall lay down its own bylaws regulating its work and the manner of practicing its functions, to be published in the Official Gazette.
Article 100
Each Council shall maintain its internal order, a responsibility assumed by each Council’s Speaker.
Each Council shall maintain its internal order, a responsibility assumed by each Council’s Speaker.
No armed forces may be present within or in
vicinity of either of the Legislative Houses except at the request of the
Council’s Speaker.
Article 101
The President of the Republic, the Cabinet, and every member of the House of Representatives shall have the right to propose laws.
The President of the Republic, the Cabinet, and every member of the House of Representatives shall have the right to propose laws.
Every draft law shall be referred to a specialist
committee of the House of Representatives, which shall study it and submit a
report.
Draft laws presented by members of the House of
Representatives shall not be referred to that committee before being first
endorsed by the Proposals Committee and approved for consideration by the House
of Representatives. Reasons for rejection must be presented if the Proposals
Committee does not endorse a proposal for consideration.
A draft law proposed by a member but rejected by
the House of Representatives may not be presented again during the same
legislative term.
Article 102
Neither of the Legislative Houses may pass a bill without seeking consultation.
Neither of the Legislative Houses may pass a bill without seeking consultation.
Each Council has the right to apply amendments
and break down existing clauses or suggested amendments.
Each bill passed by one of the Councils shall be
passed on to the other, which in turn shall not delay it for more than 60 days,
excluding the legislative recess. It shall not be considered a law unless
passed by both Councils.
Article 103
In case of legislative dispute between the two Councils, a joint committee of 20 members shall be formed, 10 selected by each Council from among its members and based on the nominations of its General Committee. The joint committee shall then propose the wording of the disputed clauses.
In case of legislative dispute between the two Councils, a joint committee of 20 members shall be formed, 10 selected by each Council from among its members and based on the nominations of its General Committee. The joint committee shall then propose the wording of the disputed clauses.
The proposals are then presented to each Council;
if an agreement is not reached, the case is taken to the House of
Representatives to reach a decision based on a two-thirds majority vote.
Article 104
The House of Representatives shall notify the President of the Republic of any law passed for the President to issue the new law within 15 days from the date of receiving it. In case the President objects to the draft law, it must be referred back to the House of Representatives within 30 days.
The House of Representatives shall notify the President of the Republic of any law passed for the President to issue the new law within 15 days from the date of receiving it. In case the President objects to the draft law, it must be referred back to the House of Representatives within 30 days.
If the draft law is not referred back within this
period, or if it is approved again by a majority of two-thirds of the members,
it shall be considered a law and shall be disseminated as such.
If it is not approved by the House of
Representatives, it may not be presented in the same session before four months
have passed from the date of the decision.
Article 105
Every member of the House of Representatives or Shura Council is entitled to address questions to the Prime Minister or any of his deputies or ministers concerning matters within their respective jurisdiction. They in turn shall be obliged to answer such questions.
Every member of the House of Representatives or Shura Council is entitled to address questions to the Prime Minister or any of his deputies or ministers concerning matters within their respective jurisdiction. They in turn shall be obliged to answer such questions.
The Member may withdraw the question at any time,
and the same question may not be transformed into an interrogation within the
same session.
Article 106
Any Member of either Council may propose to the Prime Minister, one of his deputies or a minister the discussion of a public issue.
Any Member of either Council may propose to the Prime Minister, one of his deputies or a minister the discussion of a public issue.
Article 107
Any 20 members of the House of Representatives, or 10 of the Shura Council, may request the discussion of a public issue to obtain clarification on the government’s policy in its regard.
Any 20 members of the House of Representatives, or 10 of the Shura Council, may request the discussion of a public issue to obtain clarification on the government’s policy in its regard.
Article 108
Any Member of the House of Representatives or the Shura Council has the right to obtain data or information pertaining to their own performance at the Council, taking into account the provisions of Article 47 of the Constitution.
Any Member of the House of Representatives or the Shura Council has the right to obtain data or information pertaining to their own performance at the Council, taking into account the provisions of Article 47 of the Constitution.
Article 109
Citizens may submit written proposals to either Council regarding public issues.
Citizens may submit written proposals to either Council regarding public issues.
Citizens may also submit complaints to either
Council to be referred to the relevant ministers. Based on the Council’s
request, the minister may provide a clarification, and the citizen who issued
the complaint shall be kept informed.
Article 110
The Prime Minister, his deputies, ministers and their deputies may attend the sessions and committees of the Councils. Their attendance may be obligatory if requested by either Council. They may be assisted by high-ranking officials of their choice.
The Prime Minister, his deputies, ministers and their deputies may attend the sessions and committees of the Councils. Their attendance may be obligatory if requested by either Council. They may be assisted by high-ranking officials of their choice.
They shall be heard whenever they request to
speak; they shall answer questions pertaining to issues in discussion, but
shall have no counted vote when votes are taken.
Article 111
Each Council accepts the resignation of its members, which must be submitted in writing, and to be accepted must not be submitted after a Council has started measure of revoking membership against the resigning Member.
Each Council accepts the resignation of its members, which must be submitted in writing, and to be accepted must not be submitted after a Council has started measure of revoking membership against the resigning Member.
Article 112
Membership of either Council may only be revoked if a Member has lost trust, status or any of the membership requirements that were prerequisites for their election, or if they have violated the duties of the membership.
Membership of either Council may only be revoked if a Member has lost trust, status or any of the membership requirements that were prerequisites for their election, or if they have violated the duties of the membership.
Decision on revoking membership shall be issued
by a majority of two-thirds of the Council in question.
Article 113
If the seat of a member becomes vacant at least six months before the end of term, the vacant position must be filled in accordance with the law within 60 days from the date the vacancy is first reported.
If the seat of a member becomes vacant at least six months before the end of term, the vacant position must be filled in accordance with the law within 60 days from the date the vacancy is first reported.
The term of the new Member shall be complementary
to that of the predecessor.
Section 2: House of Representatives
Article 114
The House of Representatives shall have at least 350 members, elected by direct, secret public balloting.
The House of Representatives shall have at least 350 members, elected by direct, secret public balloting.
A candidate for parliamentary elections must be
an Egyptian citizen, enjoying civil and political rights, holder of a
certificate of basic education, and 25 years old or older at the time of
candidacy.
Other requirements of candidacy, the provisions
for election, the fairly representative division of constituencies, shall be
defined by law.
Article 115
The term of membership is five calendar years, commencing from the date of its first session.
The term of membership is five calendar years, commencing from the date of its first session.
Elections for a new House of Representatives
shall be held during the 60 days preceding the end of term for the previous
House of Representatives.
Article 116
The House of Representatives shall hold the legislative power, and be responsible for approving the general policy of the State, the public plan for economic and social development and the Overall Budget of the State. It shall exercise control over the work of the executive authority, in the manner prescribed by the Constitution.
The House of Representatives shall hold the legislative power, and be responsible for approving the general policy of the State, the public plan for economic and social development and the Overall Budget of the State. It shall exercise control over the work of the executive authority, in the manner prescribed by the Constitution.
The procedures for drafting the public plan for
economic and social development, and presenting it to the House of Representatives,
are determined by law.
Article 117
The Overall Budget of the state must include all revenue and expenditure without exception. The draft Overall Budget shall be submitted to the House of Representatives at least 90 days before the beginning of the fiscal year. It shall not be considered in effect unless approved thereby, and it shall be put to vote on a chapter-by-chapter basis.
The Overall Budget of the state must include all revenue and expenditure without exception. The draft Overall Budget shall be submitted to the House of Representatives at least 90 days before the beginning of the fiscal year. It shall not be considered in effect unless approved thereby, and it shall be put to vote on a chapter-by-chapter basis.
The House of Representatives may modify the
expenditures in the draft Budget, except those proposed to honor a specific
liability. Should the modification result in an increase in total expenditure,
the House of Representatives shall agree with the government on means to secure
revenue resources to achieve the balance between revenues and expenditures. The
Budget shall be issued in a law, which may include modification in any existing
law to the extent necessary to realize such balance.
If the new budget is not approved before the
beginning of the new fiscal year, the earlier budget shall remain in effect
until the new budget has been approved.
The specifics of the fiscal year, the method of
budget preparation, the provisions of the budgets of institutions, public
bodies, and their accounts, shall be defined by law.
Article 118
The approval of the House of Representatives is necessary for the transfer of any funds from one chapter of the Budget to another, as well as for any expenditure not included therein or in excess of its estimates; the approval shall be issued in a law.
The approval of the House of Representatives is necessary for the transfer of any funds from one chapter of the Budget to another, as well as for any expenditure not included therein or in excess of its estimates; the approval shall be issued in a law.
Article 119
The basic rules for collection of public funds and the procedure for their disbursement shall be regulated by law.
The basic rules for collection of public funds and the procedure for their disbursement shall be regulated by law.
Article 120
The rules governing salaries, pensions, indemnities, subsides and bonuses taken from the State Treasury are regulated by law; so are the cases for exception from such rules, and the authorities in charge of their application.
The rules governing salaries, pensions, indemnities, subsides and bonuses taken from the State Treasury are regulated by law; so are the cases for exception from such rules, and the authorities in charge of their application.
Article 121
The Executive Authority shall not contract a loan, obtain a fund, or commit itself to a project entailing expenditure from the State Treasury for a subsequent period, except with the House of Representatives’ approval.
The Executive Authority shall not contract a loan, obtain a fund, or commit itself to a project entailing expenditure from the State Treasury for a subsequent period, except with the House of Representatives’ approval.
Article 122
The final account of the Overall Budget shall be submitted to the House of Representatives within a period not exceeding six months from the end of the fiscal year. The annual report of the Central Auditing Organization and the latter’s observations on the final account are to be attached.
The final account of the Overall Budget shall be submitted to the House of Representatives within a period not exceeding six months from the end of the fiscal year. The annual report of the Central Auditing Organization and the latter’s observations on the final account are to be attached.
The final account of the Overall Budget shall be
put to vote on a chapter-by-chapter basis and shall be issued by a law.
The House of Representatives has the right to
request from the Central Auditing Organization any additional data or pertinent
reports.
Article 123
The House of Representatives may form a special committee or entrust one of its existing committees to examine the activities of any administrative department or institution or public enterprise, for the purpose of fact-finding regarding a specific issue and informing the House of Representatives of the actual financial, administrative or economic status, or for conducting investigations into a past activity; the House of Representatives shall decide on the appropriate course of action.
The House of Representatives may form a special committee or entrust one of its existing committees to examine the activities of any administrative department or institution or public enterprise, for the purpose of fact-finding regarding a specific issue and informing the House of Representatives of the actual financial, administrative or economic status, or for conducting investigations into a past activity; the House of Representatives shall decide on the appropriate course of action.
In order to carry out its mission, such a
committee would be entitled to collect the evidence it deems necessary and to
summon individuals for interviews. All executive and administrative bodies
shall respond to demands by the committee and put under its disposal all the
documents and evidence required.
Article 124
Members of the House of Representatives have the right to submit a request for information or for an urgent statement to the Prime Minister, to one of the Prime Minister’s deputies, or to a minister in urgent public matters of importance.
Members of the House of Representatives have the right to submit a request for information or for an urgent statement to the Prime Minister, to one of the Prime Minister’s deputies, or to a minister in urgent public matters of importance.
The government is obliged to respond.
Article 125
Every Member of the House of Representatives is entitled to address interpellations to the Prime Minister, the Prime Minister’s deputies, or to ministers concerning matters within their respective jurisdiction.
Every Member of the House of Representatives is entitled to address interpellations to the Prime Minister, the Prime Minister’s deputies, or to ministers concerning matters within their respective jurisdiction.
Debate on an interpellation shall take place at
least seven days after its submission, except in cases of urgency as decided by
the House of Representatives and with the government’s consent.
Article 126
The House of Representatives may decide to withdraw its confidence from the Prime Minister, a deputy of the Prime Minister, or any one of the ministers.
The House of Representatives may decide to withdraw its confidence from the Prime Minister, a deputy of the Prime Minister, or any one of the ministers.
A motion of no confidence may be submitted only
after an interpellation, upon proposal by one-tenth of the House of
Representatives’ members. The House of Representatives should reach a decision
within seven days from the date of debating the motion. Withdrawal of
confidence needs a majority vote from the members of the House of
Representatives.
In all case, a no confidence motion may not be
passed in connection with an issue that had already been decided upon in the
same juridical term.
If the House of Representatives decides to
withdraw confidence from the Prime Minister or a minister, and the Cabinet
announced its solidarity with him before the vote, then that Cabinet is obliged
to offer its resignation. If the no confidence resolution concerns a certain
member of the government, that member is obliged to resign their office.
Article 127
The President of the Republic may not dissolve the House of Representatives except by a causative decision and following a public referendum.
The President of the Republic may not dissolve the House of Representatives except by a causative decision and following a public referendum.
A House of Representatives may not be dissolved
during its first annual session, nor for the same cause for which the
immediately previous House of Representatives was dissolved.
To dissolve the House of Representatives, the
President must issue a decision to suspend parliamentary sessions and hold a
referendum within 20 days. If voters agreed with a valid majority on the
dissolution, it shall be carried out. The President shall then call for early
parliamentary elections to take place within 30 days from the date of the
dissolution. The new House of Representatives shall convene within the 10 days
following the completion of elections.
If no such majority agrees to the dissolution,
the President of the Republic shall resign.
If, however, the referendum or elections do not
take place within the specified time limit, the existing Parliament shall
reconvene of its own accord on the day following the expiry of the time limit.
Section 3: Shura Council
Article 128
The Shura Council shall have at least 150 members, elected by direct secret ballot. The President of the Republic may appoint a number of members not exceeding one-tenth of the number of elected members.
The Shura Council shall have at least 150 members, elected by direct secret ballot. The President of the Republic may appoint a number of members not exceeding one-tenth of the number of elected members.
Article 129
A candidate for the Shura Council must be an Egyptian citizen enjoying civil and political rights, a holder of a certificate of higher education, and, at the time of candidacy, at least 35 years old.
A candidate for the Shura Council must be an Egyptian citizen enjoying civil and political rights, a holder of a certificate of higher education, and, at the time of candidacy, at least 35 years old.
Other requirements of candidacy, the provisions
for election, the division of constituencies, shall be defined by law.
Article 130
The term of membership of the Shura Council is six years, whereas renewed election and appointment of 50 percent of the total number of members, whether elected or appointed, is every three years, as defined by law.
The term of membership of the Shura Council is six years, whereas renewed election and appointment of 50 percent of the total number of members, whether elected or appointed, is every three years, as defined by law.
Article 131
In the case of the dissolution of House of Representatives, the Shura Council shall carry out its joint legislative responsibilities. Any bills passed by the Shura Council during the period of House of Representatives’ dissolution shall be presented to the new House of Representatives for consideration as soon as it is convened.
In the case of the dissolution of House of Representatives, the Shura Council shall carry out its joint legislative responsibilities. Any bills passed by the Shura Council during the period of House of Representatives’ dissolution shall be presented to the new House of Representatives for consideration as soon as it is convened.
In the absence of both Legislative Houses, and
where there is a requirement for urgent measures, the President of the Republic
may issue decrees that have the force of law, which shall then be presented to
the House of Representatives and the Shura Council — as the case may be —
within 15 days from the start of their sessions.
If such decrees were not presented to the
Councils, or if they were presented but not approved, their force of law is
retrospectively revoked, unless the Council affirms their validity for the
previous period, or chooses to settle the consequent effects in some other
manner.
Chapter Two: Executive Authority
Section 1: The President
Article 132
The President is the Head of State and chief of the executive authority. He looks after the interests of the people, safeguards the independence and territorial integrity of the motherland, and observes the separation between powers.
The President is the Head of State and chief of the executive authority. He looks after the interests of the people, safeguards the independence and territorial integrity of the motherland, and observes the separation between powers.
He carries out his responsibilities in the manner
prescribed in the Constitution.
Article 133
The President of the Republic shall be elected for a period of four calendar years, commencing on the day the term of his predecessor ends. The President may be reelected only once.
The President of the Republic shall be elected for a period of four calendar years, commencing on the day the term of his predecessor ends. The President may be reelected only once.
The process of the presidential election begins
at least 90 days before the end of the presidential term. The result is to be
announced at least 10 days before the end of term.
The President of the Republic may not hold any
partisan position for the duration of the presidency.
Article 134
A presidential candidate must be an Egyptian citizen born to Egyptian parents, must have carried no other citizenship, must have civil and political rights, cannot be married to a non-Egyptian, and at the time of nomination cannot be younger than 40 Gregorian years.
A presidential candidate must be an Egyptian citizen born to Egyptian parents, must have carried no other citizenship, must have civil and political rights, cannot be married to a non-Egyptian, and at the time of nomination cannot be younger than 40 Gregorian years.
Article 135
A prerequisite for nomination to the presidency is a recommendation by at least 20 elected members of the House of Representatives and the Shura Council, or endorsements from at least 20,000 citizens who have the right to vote, in at least 10 governorates, with a minimum of 1,000 endorsements from each governorate.
A prerequisite for nomination to the presidency is a recommendation by at least 20 elected members of the House of Representatives and the Shura Council, or endorsements from at least 20,000 citizens who have the right to vote, in at least 10 governorates, with a minimum of 1,000 endorsements from each governorate.
No one shall be allowed to endorse more than one
candidate, as shall be regulated by law.
Article 136
The President of the Republic is elected by direct secret ballot, with an absolute majority of valid votes. The procedures for electing the President of the Republic shall be regulated by law.
The President of the Republic is elected by direct secret ballot, with an absolute majority of valid votes. The procedures for electing the President of the Republic shall be regulated by law.
Article 137
Before assuming the presidential position, the President of the Republic shall take the following oath before the House of Representatives and the Shura Council: “I swear by Almighty God to loyally uphold the republican system, to respect the Constitution and the law, to fully look after the interests of the people and to safeguard the independence and territorial integrity of the motherland.”
Before assuming the presidential position, the President of the Republic shall take the following oath before the House of Representatives and the Shura Council: “I swear by Almighty God to loyally uphold the republican system, to respect the Constitution and the law, to fully look after the interests of the people and to safeguard the independence and territorial integrity of the motherland.”
In case the House of Representatives is
dissolved, the oath is to be taken before the Shura Council.
Article 138
The finances of the President of the Republic are stipulated by law; the President shall not receive any other salary or remuneration, nor engage throughout the presidential term, whether in person or through an intermediary, in an independent profession or business, nor is the President allowed to buy or rent state property, nor lease or sell to or barter with the State any part of their own property, nor conclude a contract with the State as vendor, supplier or contractor.
The finances of the President of the Republic are stipulated by law; the President shall not receive any other salary or remuneration, nor engage throughout the presidential term, whether in person or through an intermediary, in an independent profession or business, nor is the President allowed to buy or rent state property, nor lease or sell to or barter with the State any part of their own property, nor conclude a contract with the State as vendor, supplier or contractor.
The President must submit to the House of
Representatives a financial disclosure upon taking office, upon leaving it, and
at the end of each year.
If, in relation to the presidential post, the
President should receive, in person or through an intermediary, cash or in-kind
gifts, such gifts shall go into the State Treasury.
All of the above is subject to regulation by law.
Article 139
The President of the Republic appoints the Prime Minister, who shall be assigned by the President the task of forming the Cabinet and presenting it to the House of Representatives within 30 days. If the Cabinet is not granted parliamentary confidence, the President shall appoint another Prime Minister from the party that holds the majority of seats in the House of Representatives. If the Cabinet of that appointed Prime Minister does not obtain parliamentary confidence within a similar period, the House of Representatives then appoints a Prime Minister who shall be assigned by the President the task of forming a Cabinet, provided said Cabinet obtains parliamentary confidence within a similar period. Otherwise, the President of the Republic shall dissolve the House of Representatives and call the elections of a new House of Representatives within 60 days from the date the dissolution is announced.
The President of the Republic appoints the Prime Minister, who shall be assigned by the President the task of forming the Cabinet and presenting it to the House of Representatives within 30 days. If the Cabinet is not granted parliamentary confidence, the President shall appoint another Prime Minister from the party that holds the majority of seats in the House of Representatives. If the Cabinet of that appointed Prime Minister does not obtain parliamentary confidence within a similar period, the House of Representatives then appoints a Prime Minister who shall be assigned by the President the task of forming a Cabinet, provided said Cabinet obtains parliamentary confidence within a similar period. Otherwise, the President of the Republic shall dissolve the House of Representatives and call the elections of a new House of Representatives within 60 days from the date the dissolution is announced.
In all cases, the sum of the periods set forth in
this Article should not exceed 90 days.
In the case of dissolution of the House of
Representatives, the Prime Minister shall present the Cabinet and its plan to
the new House of Representatives at its first session.
Article 140
The President of the Republic, in conjunction with the Cabinet, shall lay out the public policy of the State and oversee its implementation, in the manner prescribed in the Constitution.
The President of the Republic, in conjunction with the Cabinet, shall lay out the public policy of the State and oversee its implementation, in the manner prescribed in the Constitution.
Article 141
The President of the Republic shall exercise presidential authority via the Prime Minister and the Prime Minister’s deputies and ministers, except those authorities related to defense, national security and foreign policy, and authorities outlined in Articles 139, 145, 146, 147, 148 and 149 of the Constitution.
The President of the Republic shall exercise presidential authority via the Prime Minister and the Prime Minister’s deputies and ministers, except those authorities related to defense, national security and foreign policy, and authorities outlined in Articles 139, 145, 146, 147, 148 and 149 of the Constitution.
Article 142
The President of the Republic may delegate some of the presidential purviews to the Prime Minister, the Prime Minister’s deputies, ministers or governors, in the manner regulated by law.
The President of the Republic may delegate some of the presidential purviews to the Prime Minister, the Prime Minister’s deputies, ministers or governors, in the manner regulated by law.
Article 143
The President of the Republic may call for Cabinet meetings to discuss important matters, shall preside over such meetings, and shall request reports about public affairs from the Prime Minister.
The President of the Republic may call for Cabinet meetings to discuss important matters, shall preside over such meetings, and shall request reports about public affairs from the Prime Minister.
Article 144
The President of the Republic shall deliver a statement on the general policy of the State in a joint session of the House of Representatives and the Shura Council at the opening of their regular annual sessions.
The President of the Republic shall deliver a statement on the general policy of the State in a joint session of the House of Representatives and the Shura Council at the opening of their regular annual sessions.
The President may, when appropriate, make other
statements or convey specific messages to either Council.
Article 145
The President of the Republic shall represent the State in foreign relations and shall conclude treaties and ratify them after the approval of the House of Representatives and the Shura Council. Such treaties shall have the force of law after ratification and publication, according to established procedures.
The President of the Republic shall represent the State in foreign relations and shall conclude treaties and ratify them after the approval of the House of Representatives and the Shura Council. Such treaties shall have the force of law after ratification and publication, according to established procedures.
Approval must be acquired from both Legislative
Houses with a two-thirds majority of their members for any treaty of peace,
alliance, trade and navigation, and all treaties related to the rights of
sovereignty or that make the State Treasury liable for any expenditures not
included in its overall budget.
No treaty contrary to the provisions of the
Constitution shall be approved.
Article 146
The President of the Republic shall be the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. The President is not to declare war, or send the Armed Forces outside State territory, except after consultation with the National Defense Council and the approval of the House of Representatives with a majority of its members.
The President of the Republic shall be the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. The President is not to declare war, or send the Armed Forces outside State territory, except after consultation with the National Defense Council and the approval of the House of Representatives with a majority of its members.
Article 147
The President of the Republic shall appoint civil and military personnel and dismiss them, shall appoint diplomatic representatives and remove them, and shall confirm political representatives of foreign countries and organizations, as regulated by law.
The President of the Republic shall appoint civil and military personnel and dismiss them, shall appoint diplomatic representatives and remove them, and shall confirm political representatives of foreign countries and organizations, as regulated by law.
Article 148
The President of the Republic shall declare, after consultation with the Cabinet, a state of emergency in the manner regulated by law. Such proclamation must be submitted to House of Representatives within the following seven days.
The President of the Republic shall declare, after consultation with the Cabinet, a state of emergency in the manner regulated by law. Such proclamation must be submitted to House of Representatives within the following seven days.
If the declaration takes place when the House of
Representatives is not in session, a session is called for immediately. In case
the House of Representatives is dissolved, the matter shall be submitted to the
Shura Council, all within the period specified in the preceding paragraph. The
declaration of a state of emergency must be approved by a majority of members
of each Council. The declaration shall be for a specified period not exceeding
six months, which can only be extended by another similar period upon the
people’s approval in a public referendum.
The House of Representatives cannot be dissolved
while a state of emergency is in place.
Article 149
The President of the Republic may issue a pardon or mitigate a sentence.
The President of the Republic may issue a pardon or mitigate a sentence.
General amnesty may only be granted in a law.
Article 150
The President of the Republic may call for a referendum on important issues relating to the supreme interests of the State.
The result of a referendum shall be binding to all state authorities and the general public in all cases.
The President of the Republic may call for a referendum on important issues relating to the supreme interests of the State.
The result of a referendum shall be binding to all state authorities and the general public in all cases.
Article 151
For the President of the Republic to resign, a letter of resignation must be presented to the House of Representatives.
For the President of the Republic to resign, a letter of resignation must be presented to the House of Representatives.
Article 152
A charge of felony or treason against the President of the Republic is to be based on a motion signed by at least one-third of the members of the House of Representatives. An impeachment is to be issued only by a two-thirds majority of the members of the House of Representatives.
A charge of felony or treason against the President of the Republic is to be based on a motion signed by at least one-third of the members of the House of Representatives. An impeachment is to be issued only by a two-thirds majority of the members of the House of Representatives.
As soon as an impeachment decision has been
issued, the President of the Republic shall cease all work; this shall be
treated as a temporary obstacle preventing the President from carrying out
presidential duties until a verdict is reached.
The President of the Republic shall be tried
before a special court headed by the President of the Supreme Constitutional
Court, the longest-serving Deputy of the President of the Court of Cassation
and the State Council, and the two longest-serving presidents of the Court of
Appeals; the prosecution to be carried out before such court by the Prosecutor
General.
The prosecution, trial procedure and penalty are
regulated by law. In the case of conviction, the President of the Republic
shall be relieved of his post, without prejudice to other penalties.
Article 153
If on account of a temporary obstacle, the President of the Republic is rendered unable to carry out the presidential functions, the Prime Minister shall act in his place.
If on account of a temporary obstacle, the President of the Republic is rendered unable to carry out the presidential functions, the Prime Minister shall act in his place.
If the Presidential office becomes vacant, due to
resignation, death, permanent inability to work or any other reason, the House
of Representatives shall announce the vacancy and notify the Presidential
Elections Commission. The Speaker of the House of Representatives shall
temporarily assume the presidential authorities.
The Shura Council and its Speaker replace the
House of Representatives and its Speaker in the above in cases in which the
House of Representatives is dissolved.
In all cases, a new president must be elected
during a period not exceeding 90 days from the date the office became vacant.
The person acting in place of the President is
not allowed to run for office, request any amendment to the Constitution,
dissolve the Parliament or dismiss the Cabinet.
Article 154
If the vacancy of the presidential office occurs at the same time that a referendum or the election of either the House of Representatives or the Shura Council is being held, precedence shall be given to the presidential elections. The existing Parliament shall continue in place until the completion of the presidential elections.
If the vacancy of the presidential office occurs at the same time that a referendum or the election of either the House of Representatives or the Shura Council is being held, precedence shall be given to the presidential elections. The existing Parliament shall continue in place until the completion of the presidential elections.
Section 2: The Cabinet
Article 155
The Cabinet consists of the Prime Minister, the Prime Minister’s deputies and the ministers.
The Cabinet consists of the Prime Minister, the Prime Minister’s deputies and the ministers.
The Prime Minister heads the Cabinet, oversees
its work, and directs it in the performance of its functions.
Article 156
A person appointed to the position of Prime Minister or any other position in the Cabinet must be an Egyptian citizen, enjoying civil and political rights, over the age of 30, and not having carried the citizenship of any other country unless renounced within a year of reaching the age of eighteen.
A person appointed to the position of Prime Minister or any other position in the Cabinet must be an Egyptian citizen, enjoying civil and political rights, over the age of 30, and not having carried the citizenship of any other country unless renounced within a year of reaching the age of eighteen.
It is prohibited hold a position in the Cabinet
in addition to membership in either the House of Representatives or the Shura
Council; if a House or Council Member is appointed to government, their place
in Parliament is vacated and the provisions of Article 113 of the Constitution
are applied.
Article 157
Before assuming their duties, the Prime Minister and members of the Cabinet shall take the following oath before the President of the Republic: “I swear by Almighty God to loyally uphold the republican system, to respect the Constitution and the law, to fully look after the interests of the people and to safeguard the independence and territorial integrity of the motherland.”
Before assuming their duties, the Prime Minister and members of the Cabinet shall take the following oath before the President of the Republic: “I swear by Almighty God to loyally uphold the republican system, to respect the Constitution and the law, to fully look after the interests of the people and to safeguard the independence and territorial integrity of the motherland.”
Article 158
The finances of the Prime Minister and members of Cabinet are stipulated by law; they shall not receive any other salary or remuneration, nor engage throughout the term of their posts, whether in person or through an intermediary, in independent professions or business, nor are they allowed to buy or rent state property, nor lease or sell to or barter with the State any part of their own property, nor conclude a contract with the State as vendors, suppliers or contractors.
The finances of the Prime Minister and members of Cabinet are stipulated by law; they shall not receive any other salary or remuneration, nor engage throughout the term of their posts, whether in person or through an intermediary, in independent professions or business, nor are they allowed to buy or rent state property, nor lease or sell to or barter with the State any part of their own property, nor conclude a contract with the State as vendors, suppliers or contractors.
A member of Cabinet must submit a financial
disclosure to the House of Representatives upon taking office, upon leaving it
and at the end of each year.
If, in relation to their posts, they should
receive cash or in-kind gifts, such gifts shall go into the State Treasury. All
of the above is subject to regulation by law.
Article 159
The Cabinet shall exercise the following functions in particular:
The Cabinet shall exercise the following functions in particular:
1. Collaborate with the President of the Republic
in laying down the public policy of the State and overseeing its
implementation.
2. Direct, coordinate and follow up on the work of the ministries and their affiliated public bodies and organizations.
3. Prepare draft laws and decrees.
4. Issue administrative decisions in accordance with the law, and monitor their implementation.
5. Prepare the draft Overall Budget of the State.
6. Prepare the draft economic and social development plan of the state.
7. Contract and grant loans in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.
8. Supervise the implementation of laws, maintain state security and protect the rights of the citizens and the interests of the State.
2. Direct, coordinate and follow up on the work of the ministries and their affiliated public bodies and organizations.
3. Prepare draft laws and decrees.
4. Issue administrative decisions in accordance with the law, and monitor their implementation.
5. Prepare the draft Overall Budget of the State.
6. Prepare the draft economic and social development plan of the state.
7. Contract and grant loans in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.
8. Supervise the implementation of laws, maintain state security and protect the rights of the citizens and the interests of the State.
Article 160
The Minister shall draw up the ministry’s general policy, supervise its implementation and offer guidance and control, in the framework of the State’s public policy.
The Minister shall draw up the ministry’s general policy, supervise its implementation and offer guidance and control, in the framework of the State’s public policy.
Article 161
A member of the Cabinet may make a statement before the House of Representatives, the Shura Council, or one of their committees, concerning any matters within the scope of his purview.
A member of the Cabinet may make a statement before the House of Representatives, the Shura Council, or one of their committees, concerning any matters within the scope of his purview.
The Council or committee may discuss such a
statement and convey its position regarding it.
Article 162
The Prime Minister shall issue necessary regulations for the enforcement of laws, in such a manner that does not involve any disruption, modification, or exemption from their enforcement, and shall have the right to vest others with authority to issue them, unless the law designates who should issue the necessary regulations for its own implementation.
The Prime Minister shall issue necessary regulations for the enforcement of laws, in such a manner that does not involve any disruption, modification, or exemption from their enforcement, and shall have the right to vest others with authority to issue them, unless the law designates who should issue the necessary regulations for its own implementation.
Article 163
The Prime Minister shall issue the regulations necessary for the creation and organization of public services and facilities upon the Cabinet’s approval. The House of Representatives’ approval is required, if such regulations result in new expenditures in the Overall Budget of the State.
The Prime Minister shall issue the regulations necessary for the creation and organization of public services and facilities upon the Cabinet’s approval. The House of Representatives’ approval is required, if such regulations result in new expenditures in the Overall Budget of the State.
Article 164
The Prime Minister shall issue regulations of discipline upon the Cabinet’s approval.
The Prime Minister shall issue regulations of discipline upon the Cabinet’s approval.
Article 165
The authority in charge of the appointment and dismissal of civil servants, the functions of the main positions, and the responsibilities, rights and securities of employees, is regulated by law.
The authority in charge of the appointment and dismissal of civil servants, the functions of the main positions, and the responsibilities, rights and securities of employees, is regulated by law.
Article 166
The President of the Republic, the Prosecutor General, and the House of Representatives, with a motion signed by one-third of its members, have the right to accuse the Prime Minister or any of the members of the Cabinet concerning crimes committed during their term of office or in relation to their work.
The President of the Republic, the Prosecutor General, and the House of Representatives, with a motion signed by one-third of its members, have the right to accuse the Prime Minister or any of the members of the Cabinet concerning crimes committed during their term of office or in relation to their work.
In all cases, charges can only be brought with
the approval of two-thirds of the members of the House of Representatives. An
accused member of Cabinet is relieved of their post until a verdict is reached.
The end of their term of service does not preclude the start or resumption of
prosecution.
Article 167
For the Cabinet or one of its members to resign, a letter of resignation must be presented to the President of the Republic.
For the Cabinet or one of its members to resign, a letter of resignation must be presented to the President of the Republic.
Chapter Three: The Judicial Authority
Section 1: General Provisions
Article 168
The Judicial Authority shall be independent, vested in the courts of justice, which shall issue their judgments in accordance with the law. It’s powers are defined by law. Interference in the affairs of the judiciary is a crime that is not forfeited by the passing of time.
The Judicial Authority shall be independent, vested in the courts of justice, which shall issue their judgments in accordance with the law. It’s powers are defined by law. Interference in the affairs of the judiciary is a crime that is not forfeited by the passing of time.
Article 169
Every judiciary body shall administer its own affairs; each shall have an independent budget and be consulted on the draft laws governing its affairs, by the means that are regulated by law.
Every judiciary body shall administer its own affairs; each shall have an independent budget and be consulted on the draft laws governing its affairs, by the means that are regulated by law.
Article 170
Judges are independent, cannot be dismissed, are subject to no other authority but the law, and are equal in rights and duties.
Judges are independent, cannot be dismissed, are subject to no other authority but the law, and are equal in rights and duties.
The conditions and procedures for their
appointment and disciplinary actions against them are defined and regulated by
the law. When delegated, their delegation shall be absolute, to the destinations
and in the positions defined by the law, all in a manner that preserves the
independence of the judiciary and the accomplishment of its duties.
Article 171
Sessions in court shall be public, unless, in consideration of public order or morals, the court deems them confidential. In all cases, the verdict shall be given in an open session.
Sessions in court shall be public, unless, in consideration of public order or morals, the court deems them confidential. In all cases, the verdict shall be given in an open session.
Section 2: The Judiciary and Public
Prosecution
Article 172
The judiciary adjudicates in all disputes and crimes except for matters that are to be decided by another judicial body. The judiciary settles any disputes relating to the affairs of its members.
The judiciary adjudicates in all disputes and crimes except for matters that are to be decided by another judicial body. The judiciary settles any disputes relating to the affairs of its members.
Article 173
The Public Prosecution is an integral part of the judiciary, to investigate, press and follow charges in all criminal cases except what is exempted by law. Other competencies are defined by law.
The Public Prosecution is an integral part of the judiciary, to investigate, press and follow charges in all criminal cases except what is exempted by law. Other competencies are defined by law.
The Public Prosecution is conducted by a
Prosecutor General appointed by the President of the Republic, based on the
selection of the Supreme Judicial Council from among the Deputies to the
President of the Court of Cassation, the Presidents of the Court of Appeals and
Assistant Prosecutor Generals, for a period of four years, or for the period
remaining until retirement age, whichever comes first, and only once during a
judge’s career.
Section 3: The State Council
Article 174
The State Council is an independent judicial body that exclusively undertakes adjudicating in administrative disputes and disputes pertaining to the implementation of its decisions. It also undertakes disciplinary proceedings and appeals, adjudicates in legal issues to be determined by law, reviews and drafts bills and resolutions of legislative character referred to it, and reviews contracts to which the State is a party.
The State Council is an independent judicial body that exclusively undertakes adjudicating in administrative disputes and disputes pertaining to the implementation of its decisions. It also undertakes disciplinary proceedings and appeals, adjudicates in legal issues to be determined by law, reviews and drafts bills and resolutions of legislative character referred to it, and reviews contracts to which the State is a party.
Other competencies to be determined by law.
Section 4: The Supreme Constitutional
Court
Article 175
The Supreme Constitutional Court is an independent judicial body, seated in Cairo, which exclusively undertakes the judicial control of the constitutionality of the laws and regulations.
The law defines other competencies and regulates the procedures to be followed before the court.
The Supreme Constitutional Court is an independent judicial body, seated in Cairo, which exclusively undertakes the judicial control of the constitutionality of the laws and regulations.
The law defines other competencies and regulates the procedures to be followed before the court.
Article 176
The Supreme Constitutional Court is made up of a president and ten members. The law determines judicial or other bodies that shall nominate them and regulates the manner of their appointment and requirements to be satisfied by them. Appointments take place by a decree from the President of the Republic.
The Supreme Constitutional Court is made up of a president and ten members. The law determines judicial or other bodies that shall nominate them and regulates the manner of their appointment and requirements to be satisfied by them. Appointments take place by a decree from the President of the Republic.
Article 177
The President of the Republic or Parliament shall present draft laws governing presidential, legislative or local elections before the Supreme Constitutional Court, to determine their compliance with the Constitution prior to dissemination. The Court shall reach a decision in this regard within 45 days from the date the matter is presented before it; otherwise, the proposed law shall be considered approved.
The President of the Republic or Parliament shall present draft laws governing presidential, legislative or local elections before the Supreme Constitutional Court, to determine their compliance with the Constitution prior to dissemination. The Court shall reach a decision in this regard within 45 days from the date the matter is presented before it; otherwise, the proposed law shall be considered approved.
If the Court deems one or more parts of the text
non-compliant with the provisions of the Constitution, its decision shall be
implemented.
The laws referred to in the first paragraph are
not subject to the subsequent control stipulated in Article 175 of the
Constitution.
Article 178
The Official Gazette shall publish verdicts issued by the Supreme Constitutional Court and decisions pertaining to preemptive control of draft laws governing presidential, legislative or local elections.
The Official Gazette shall publish verdicts issued by the Supreme Constitutional Court and decisions pertaining to preemptive control of draft laws governing presidential, legislative or local elections.
The effects of a decision on the
unconstitutionality of a legislative text are regulated by law.
Section 5: Judicial Bodies
Article 179
State Affairs is an independent judicial body; it undertakes legal representation of the State in disputes, and technical supervision of legal affairs departments within State Administration.
State Affairs is an independent judicial body; it undertakes legal representation of the State in disputes, and technical supervision of legal affairs departments within State Administration.
It shall be responsible for the drafting of
contracts and the settling of disputes to which the State is a party, in the
manner regulated by law.
Other competencies shall be defined by law.
Its members share immunities, securities, rights
and duties assigned to other members of the judiciary.
Article 180
The Administrative Prosecution is an independent judicial body; it investigates financial and administrative irregularities, raises disciplinary proceedings before the courts of the State Council and follows up on them, and takes legal action to address deficiencies in public facilities. Other competencies shall be defined by law.
The Administrative Prosecution is an independent judicial body; it investigates financial and administrative irregularities, raises disciplinary proceedings before the courts of the State Council and follows up on them, and takes legal action to address deficiencies in public facilities. Other competencies shall be defined by law.
Its members share immunities, securities, rights
and duties assigned to other members of the judiciary.
Section 6: Judicial Officers
Article 181
The legal profession is a free profession and a cornerstone of justice. Lawyers shall be autonomous in practicing their profession and shall be safeguarded by guarantees that protect them and enable them to carry out their work, in the manner regulated by law.
The legal profession is a free profession and a cornerstone of justice. Lawyers shall be autonomous in practicing their profession and shall be safeguarded by guarantees that protect them and enable them to carry out their work, in the manner regulated by law.
Article 182
Officers at the Real Estate Publicity Department, forensic experts and judicial experts shall enjoy technical autonomy in their work.”
Officers at the Real Estate Publicity Department, forensic experts and judicial experts shall enjoy technical autonomy in their work.”
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"Nuevas protestas en Egipto previo a celebración de referéndum"
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"Bajo la Lupa
Egipto: retornan los tanques proscritos
Alfredo Jalife-Rahme
Mujeres egipcias esperan formadas, en El Cairo, para participar en un referendo sobre cambios a la Constitución propuestos por partidarios del presidente Muhamed MorsiFoto Ap
Lo que advenga en el barómetro del mundo árabe, Egipto –90 por ciento sunitas y 10 por ciento coptos cristianos de sus casi 100 millones de habitantes– definirá la orientación teológica regional, amén de su relevante cuan compleja cartografía geoestratégica: canal de Suez, río Nilo, mayor población árabe, principal aliado militar árabe de Estados Unidos, acuerdos de Campo David con Israel, acercamiento con Irán y Turquía, alianza con Hamas, etcétera.
occidentaloidede reducir la cruenta colisión de los sectores de la polarizada sociedad egipcia entre islámicos
moderados (sic)–los Hermanos Musulmanes–, quienes buscan implementar la omnímoda ley coránica de la Sharia, y los
laicos(¡súper sic!), quienes supuestamente anhelan la
democracia liberaly los
derechos humanosal estilo de su aplicación muy sui generis en las dos costas del Atlántico norte.
Luego con tour de force acrobático, los maniqueos lingüistas de la perniciosa propaganda globalista
occidentaloideagregan marginalmente a los salafistas, con una hermeneútica más estricta de la Sharia y una demografía nada despreciable, a la extrema derecha de los Hermanos Musulmanes, dejando en el vacío semántico a la entelequia fantasmagórica de Al Qaeda (para muchos
Al CIA).
Mel Frykberg, de IPS (15/12/12), sucumbe también al tóxico maniqueísmo
occidentaloide, pero agrega ingredientes más apegados a la realidad al aducir preocupantemente que se dibuja
una guerra civil en el horizonte.
Frykberg cita a Gamal Nkrumah (hijo del ex presidente de Ghana, Kwame, y de madre egipcia del rito copto cristiano), hoy politólogo del legendario semanario cairota Al-Ahram:
Egipto se encamina a una batalla política prolongada. La presente situación es insostenible. Parece dirigirse a una guerra civil: la carta desconocida son los militares, y es incierto qué rumbo tomarán.
Los militares aún constituyen la piedra de toque de la nación egipcia desde el derrocamiento de la monarquía en 1953 y difícilmente dejarán que la conflagración degenere a una guerra civil.
Tampoco hay que ser genios para percatarse que la infantería, conformada por devotos feligreses islámicos, se inclinaría del lado de los Hermanos Musulmanes, a diferencia de los mandos medios y altos, más proclives a la coexistencia intercomunitaria y algunos hasta partidarios de los revolucionarios primigenios, lo cual llevaría a su peligrosa fractura de facto.
¿Segundo golpe de Estado (en realidad, serían tres con el
golpe dentro del golpede Nasser a Neguib) rectificativo después de casi 60 años, con bendición tácita de Obama, quien tendría que escoger entre su alianza con los Hermanos Musulmanes en el mundo árabe (Egipto, Siria, Jordania, etcétera) y el ejército egipcio, dependiente del Pentágono, que regresaría por la puerta triunfal?
¿O dejarán los imprescindibles militares que Egipto se balcanice en una entidad sunita confederada de Hermanos Musulmanes/salafistas y otra de los coptos cristianos al sur, en la cercanía de Sudán, otro país fracturado?
El presidente egipcio Muhamed Morsi, gran triunfador de la enésima guerra reciente de Gaza –gracias a su invaluable mediación entre los Hermanos Musulmanes de Hamas y el gobierno desfalleciente de Bibi Netanyahu, quien se desprendió de su gravoso canciller Avigdor Lieberman (ex saca borrachos de antros en Moldova, quien renunció por presuntos desfalcos)–, se engolosinó y a los pocos días se arrogó por decreto alarmantes poderes autocráticos, que sometían al Poder Judicial, y cuyos jueces se insubordinaron insólitamente, lo cual fue aprovechado por la oposición heteróclita de
laicos, mujeres y coptos cristianos, aterrados de sufrir persecuciones teológicas de la Sharia.
Ante las violentas protestas, Muhamed Morsi no tuvo más remedio que cancelar su decreto autocrático y solicitar
Las revoluciones muchas veces no saben para quiénes trabajan.
Muhamed Morsi sabe que la ley del número democrático/demográfico lo favorece (90 por ciento de sunitas): se dio el lujo de modificar cosméticamente su decreto autocrático para apaciguar las veleidades judiciales y se apresuró a convocar un referendo para una nueva Constitución, cuyo anticipado resultado no requiere la oficialización de los votos de los devotos islámicos, a lo que se preparan lúgubremente los coptos cristianos, según Christophe Ayad, de Le Monde (15/12/12):
Se anticipa que los coptos (quienes se ostentan como descendientes de los faraones) y laicos serán aplastados por la ley del número democrático/demográfico.
Nathan J. Brown, de Foreign Affairs (9/12/12), desmenuza las sinuosidades hieráticas de la Constitución, para concluir que los
Brown juzga que la Constitución de Muhamed Morsi /Hermanos Musulmanes, que deja en el aire la supervisión de los militares por los civiles,
Marina Ottaway, de Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, considera que está en juego
¿Opción entre
Lo peor de la cíclope cosmogonía
Se profundiza la islamización de Egipto concomitante a su descristianización –análoga al destino de los cristianos en Líbano, Siria e Irak (gracias a las guerras religiosamente petroleras del episcopalista Daddy Bush y el metodista Baby Bush), justamente mediante la ley del número democrático/demográfico a través de las urnas electorales y/o funerarias.
Muhamed Morsi y los Hermanos Musulmanes aplican una
La seudodemocracia
Twitter: @AlfredoJalife
increíblementela protección del ejército para impedir la toma del palacio presidencial por los ultrajados manifestantes, quienes se sienten despojados de haber detonado la Revolución de las Pirámides y que, por la ley del número democrático/demográfico, les fue arrebatada en las urnas por los muy hábiles Hermanos Musulmanes, quienes permanecieron a la expectativa para acabar controlando parlamento y presidencia.
Las revoluciones muchas veces no saben para quiénes trabajan.
Muhamed Morsi sabe que la ley del número democrático/demográfico lo favorece (90 por ciento de sunitas): se dio el lujo de modificar cosméticamente su decreto autocrático para apaciguar las veleidades judiciales y se apresuró a convocar un referendo para una nueva Constitución, cuyo anticipado resultado no requiere la oficialización de los votos de los devotos islámicos, a lo que se preparan lúgubremente los coptos cristianos, según Christophe Ayad, de Le Monde (15/12/12):
Los coptos votan masivamente contra la nueva Constitución. So what?
Se anticipa que los coptos (quienes se ostentan como descendientes de los faraones) y laicos serán aplastados por la ley del número democrático/demográfico.
Nathan J. Brown, de Foreign Affairs (9/12/12), desmenuza las sinuosidades hieráticas de la Constitución, para concluir que los
laicossaben que corren a su derrota.
Brown juzga que la Constitución de Muhamed Morsi /Hermanos Musulmanes, que deja en el aire la supervisión de los militares por los civiles,
introduce dos nuevos elementos: 1) la provisión de que el centro teológico Al-Azhar (icono del sunismo) será consultado en materia de ley islámica, y 2) “los principios de la Sharia islámica (principal fuente de legislación desde 1980)”.
Marina Ottaway, de Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, considera que está en juego
La selección entre dos tiranías(National Interest, 29/11/12):
el lado de los Hermanos Musulmanes que luchan por el voto; y el otro,
la élite judicial, que cuenta con el apoyo de los rescoldos de Mubarak; ambos han recurrido al plebiscito de la violencia en la calle.
¿Opción entre
tres tiranías, si se agrega el golpe de Estado rectificativo y antes no se disloca también el ejército?
Lo peor de la cíclope cosmogonía
occidentaloidees que se pretenda que los musulmanes cesen de ser islámicos.
Se profundiza la islamización de Egipto concomitante a su descristianización –análoga al destino de los cristianos en Líbano, Siria e Irak (gracias a las guerras religiosamente petroleras del episcopalista Daddy Bush y el metodista Baby Bush), justamente mediante la ley del número democrático/demográfico a través de las urnas electorales y/o funerarias.
Muhamed Morsi y los Hermanos Musulmanes aplican una
democracia islámica–que sustenta una teocracia moderna, de acuerdo con su idiosincrasia muy respetable para quienes profesamos el
diálogo de las civilizaciones–, que hoy conviene a la OTAN por las nuevas coordenadas geopolíticas y que nada tiene que ver con la aún utópica
democraciaque no existe siquiera en
Occidente: cuándo y dónde deben prevalecer imperativamente ante todo el respeto y los derechos inalienables de las
minorías, absurdamente excluidas como cuerpo extraño de un cuerpo integral, frente a la implacable tiranía del número demográfico y aleatorio de las urnas electorales y/o funerarias.
La seudodemocracia
occidentales aún barbárica.
Twitter: @AlfredoJalife
http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2012/12/16/politica/014o1pol?partner=rss
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EN ARAS DE HUMANIZAR LOS PROCEDIMIENTOS DE READAPTACIÓN Y REINSERCIÓN SOCIAL, CABILDOS MUNICIPALES, ENTIDADES FEDERATIVAS, ESTADOS Y/O GOBIERNOS DE PAÍSES INVOLUCRADOS DEBEN COADYUVAR A FIN DE FACILITAR DICHAS METAS BAJO ÓPTIMO Y CALIFICADO ENTORNO PARA EL/LA RECLUSO (A) QUE PURGA UNA CONDENA JUSTA Y FIRME…
http://fideiius.blogspot.com/2012/10/en-aras-de-humanizar-la-readaptacion-y.html
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https://www.google.com/#hl=en&tbo=d&sclient=psy-ab&q=FIDEIIUS+EGIPTO&oq=FIDEIIUS+EGIPTO&gs_l=hp.3...3194.9663.0.9798.15.15.0.0.0.0.3034.9625.2-1j1j2j2j1j1j1j1.10.0.les%3Bcpsugrpq1..0.0...1.1.qn1O2_kmQG0&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=67039599a028a8df&bpcl=38897761&biw=1024&bih=640
-----------------------
Centro de Alerta para la Defensa de los Pueblos Investigación, análisis, documentación y denuncias sobre la injerencia y subversión contra los pueblos de América Latina
http://www.centrodealerta.org/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cec34OOdnRA
http://www.cubadebate.cu/series/resistencia-palestina/
The United States is a Leading Terrorist State
Noam Chomsky interviewed by David Barsamian
Monthly Review, vol. 53, no. 6, November, 2001
http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/200111--02.htm
"Noam Chomsky*: Estados Unidos es el mayor terrorista del mundo..." Institute Professor and professor emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology*
http://www.semana.com/noticias-mundo/parte-colombia-robada-roosevelt/142043.aspx
http://eligio-del-awiizotl.blogspot.com/2010/07/noam-chomsky-estados-unidos-es-el-mayor.html
http://www.chomsky.info/
http://www.cubadebate.cu/categoria/autores/eva-golinger/
http://www.patriagrande.com.ve/temas/internacionales/los-gringos-se-robaron-el-dinero-de-las-ventas-de-petroleo-en-irak/
EEUU despilfarró miles de millones de dólares del area social de Irak
http://www.aporrea.org/tiburon/n164470.html
http://www.josecouso.info/
http://eligio-del-awiizotl.blogspot.com/2010/07/httpwikileaksorg-could-become-as.html
http://www.iraqbodycount.org/
“We don’t do body counts”.-General Tommy Franks
http://www.icasualties.org/
http://www.cubadebate.cu/reflexiones-fidel/2010/08/03/emplazamiento-al-presidente-de-estados-unidos/
http://eligio-del-awiizotl.blogspot.com/2010/08/911-naves-que-impactaron-las-torres.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6NVnKFyY24
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zyoEYCmEO_o
ACCESO AL AGUA POTABLE, DECLARADO DERECHO FUNDAMENTAL: TRIUNFO DE LA HUMANIDAD A INSTANCIA DE EVO MORALES, C. PRESIDENTE CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA REPúBLICA DE BOLIVIA…
http://eligio-del-awiizotl.blogspot.com/2010/07/acceso-al-agua-potable-declarado.html
Perseguido por EEUU: Camarógrafo estadounidense que filmó imágenes del 11/9 enfrenta extradición
http://www.aporrea.org/internacionales/n164273.html
The Washington Post: Estados Unidos es el vergonzoso suministrador de armas al narcotráfico
http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2010/09/13/the-washington-post-estados-unidos-es-el-vergonzoso-suministrador-de-armas-al-narcotrafico/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJGyiPrCF2Q
http://wikileaks.org/
http://www.cubadebate.cu/opinion/2010/10/02/eeuu-retrasa-la-salida-del-ejercito-ciberespacial-pero-no-se-entusiasmen-demasiado/
*) "Tres generaciones se han echado a perder por mi culpa: Rius"
http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2009/01/18/index.php?section=cultura&article=a02n1cul
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxHeqzXpkjM
http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2010/11/19/galardonado-lula-con-el-premio-indira-gandhi-de-la-paz-2010/
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=GUARDERIA+ABC&aq=f
http://wikileaks.ch/
http://wikileaks.info/
*) "Noam Chomsky: Los cables de WikiLeaks revelan un“profundo odio a la democracia por parte de nuestra dirigencia política” “Debemos comprender -y los Papeles del Pentágono son otro ejemplo claro- que una de las principales razones del secreto gubernamental es proteger al gobierno contra su propia población”
http://www.correodelorinoco.gob.ve/entrevistas/noam-chomsky-cables-wikileaks-revelan-un-profundo-odio-a-democracia-por-parte-nuestra-dirigencia-politica/
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/politics/2010-race-maps/senate/
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/politics/2010-race-maps/house/
http://www.oficiodepapel.com.mx/
http://www.proceso.com.mx/
http://www.myspace.com/foroalicia
*) Stépahne Hessel: “No estoy aquí para testimoniar sobre lo que pasó en Chile. Estoy aquí para hablar en nombre de la evolución del derecho internacional, que siempre es demasiado lenta. Para mí este juicio representa un paso adelante porque vivimos en un mundo en el que los crímenes impunes pesan sobre la conciencia internacional” (Referida por Anne Marie Mergier en “Sentencia implacable”
http://www.proceso.com.mx/rv/modHome/detalleExclusiva/86881
http://eligio-del-awiizotl.blogspot.com/2011/01/sentencia-implacable.html
http://www.elpais.com/documentossecretos/mapa-cables-wikileaks/
http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2011/01/10/fotos/portada.jpg
http://www.google.com/#sclient=psy&hl=en&q=FIDEIIUS+Sistema+Financiero&aq=&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai=&pbx=1&fp=7b989c6c17f79c85
http://www.google.com/#sclient=psy&hl=en&q=%22Las+Razones+de+Cuba%22&aq=&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai=&pbx=1&fp=e8de98ca5b405b41
Sitio especial de La Jornada sobre WikiLeaks"
http://wikileaks.jornada.com.mx/
http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2011/02/25/una-foto-que-causa-sensacion-en-facebook/
"En una extensa entrevista con 60 minutes, Julian Assange, fundador de Wikileaks, dice: “Somos activistas por la libertad de expresión. No se trata de salvar a las ballenas, se trata de darle a la gente la información que necesita para apoyar o no la caza de ballenas. ¿Por qué? Son los ingredientes crudos que se necesitan para hacer una sociedad justa. Sin ellos, simplemente estás navegando en la oscuridad”.-Julian Assange. (Tomado de 'La Jornada')
http://www.clubcultura.com/clubliteratura/clubescritores/villoro/autor/autor.html
http://fundad.org/
Be Traist...!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pd3XU9qyTGA
Just let the hammock swing...!
P.D.: "Agua de Coco Pa' Toch@s" *
"Once again, the cat is shaking the roof...!" *
http://fideiius.blogspot.com/2011/04/sci-marcos-de-la-reflexion-critica.html
http://www.google.com/#sclient=psy&hl=en&source=hp&q=FIDEIIUS+escepticismo&aq=&aqi=&aql=&oq=&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&fp=9c17e529bf934417
http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2011/06/18/casi-mil-muertos-en-libia-por-ataques-de-la-otan/
http://www.articulo19.org/articulo/
http://www.mediafire.com/?s2chp1v2jqsf52z
http://www.thehackernews.com/2011/07/nato-server-hacked-by-1337day-inj3ct0r.html
http://tech2.in.com/news/general/nato-affiliate-may-have-been-hacked/227382
http://www.nato-pa.int/default.asp?SHORTCUT=2443
http://fideiius.blogspot.com/2011/07/blog-post_17.html
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producto_interno_bruto
http://actualidad.rt.com/
http://wlcentral.org/
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=+%22Playing+For+Change%3A+Peace+Through+Music%22&aq=f
http://eligio-del-awiizotl.blogspot.com
http://www.clarinveracruzano.com/wp-content/themes/periodico/scripts/timthumb.php?w=190&h=115&zc=1&src=http://www.clarinveracruzano.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/pitufos.jpg
https://www.wikileaks-forum.com/index.php/topic,4500.0.html
http://www.websanjuanamartinez.com/
http://actualidad.rt.com/programas/detras_de_la_noticia
http://congresosdelalengua.es/zacatecas/inauguracion/garcia_marquez.htm
http://ccrjustice.org/
http://www.publicintegrity.org/investigations/icij/
http://www.lasillavacia.com/
http://www.swedenversusassange.com/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNhICOlWFV0
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/23/remarks-president-united-nations-general-assembly
Universal Rights and Universal Values... But that is romantically substantive for those who try to ignore the Universal Jurisdiction and its procedures to evade justice... FIDEIIUS (Fideiius).
http://www.telesurtv.net/secciones/noticias/84492-NN/alcalde-de-londres-advierte-a--bush-con-arrestarlo-si-arriba-a-reino-unido/
http://www.humanrights.gov/2010/11/24/president-obama%e2%80%99s-2010-speech-to-the-united-nations-general-assembly/
http://eligio-del-awiizotl.blogspot.com/2011/02/preparada-la-denuncia-con-la-que-se.html
http://eligio-del-awiizotl.blogspot.com/2010/11/benedicto-xvi-acepta-uso-de-condon-e_25.html
Miles de simpatizantes del movimiento Ocupa marcharon del centro de Oakland a la zona portuaria. Autoridades del lugar emitieron un comunicado en el que informaron que las operaciones estaban detenidas, lo que provocó el júbilo de los manifestantes. En una decisión sorpresiva, la alcaldesa Jean Quan dio el día a los trabajadores municipales para que se sumaran a la protesta Foto Ap
David Brooks, Corresponsal
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tr0Vt7E7U7w&ob=av2n
http://www.latinobarometro.com/
http://www.periodismo.org.mx/
http://www.occupytogether.org/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzrBurlJUNk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkFJE8ZdeG8
http://monerohernandez.blogspot.com/
www.radioamlo.org
www.radioamlo.info
www.radioamlo.net
www.radioamlo.mx
www.radioamlo.blogspot.com
www.radioamlo.tv
www.radioamlotv.blogspot.com
www.livestream.com/radioamlotv
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lixDK_tMEhE
http://www.blogdeizquierda.com/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gbd7JvN2blw&feature=player_embedded
http://indignados.jornada.com.mx/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uycxL8woHSE&feature=related
http://www.correodelorinoco.gob.ve/paises/fidel-entra-libro-record-guinnes/
http://homozapping.com.mx/2011/12/ely-guerra-da-voz-a-marisela-escobedo/
http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2011/12/17/un-dia-como-hoy-hace-181-anos-fallecio-el-libertador/
http://fideiius.blogspot.com/2011/12/celac-documentos-oficiales.html
http://d3j5vwomefv46c.cloudfront.net/photos/large/476008686.jpg?Expires=1325007382&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIYVGSUJFNRFZBBTA&Signature=UhVOGLnXjSlnQGlmnRg4sowi4dkzn7XKkqa7VCa70F3v5GOExrOCn-FrH2sLV8sg1dkxtNw~PltGUfyg333uxryxY7zQ5U-gekMFe4b7XreGGg~qEBddGOv027b8GLXALuF5tJ5aiA9ByU-2V~9eNZEiq6XnmNcfLXmEi5G7p8c_
http://www.ccardenass.org/
http://www.aclu.org/
http://www.fastnfuriousinvestigation.com/
http://imaginepeace.com/
http://www.aporrea.org/erchivo/
http://www.animalpolitico.com/
http://www.frayba.org.mx/index.php
http://fideiius.blogspot.com/2012/01/blog-post_27.html
http://www.centromariomolina.org/
http://climaterealityproject.org/http://ofraneh.org/ofraneh/index.html
http://www.defensoresenlinea.com/cms/http://www.worldjusticeproject.org/http://alfredojalife.comhttp://www.enriquebolanos.org/http://www.followerwonk.com/http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/1.pdf
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rX0vOYwHj30A
http://irmaerendira.blogspot.com
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tnmH_pLNMZ4&feature=related
-----------------------
Centro de Alerta para la Defensa de los Pueblos Investigación, análisis, documentación y denuncias sobre la injerencia y subversión contra los pueblos de América Latina
http://www.centrodealerta.org/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cec34OOdnRA
http://www.cubadebate.cu/series/resistencia-palestina/
The United States is a Leading Terrorist State
Noam Chomsky interviewed by David Barsamian
Monthly Review, vol. 53, no. 6, November, 2001
http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/200111--02.htm
"Noam Chomsky*: Estados Unidos es el mayor terrorista del mundo..." Institute Professor and professor emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology*
http://www.semana.com/noticias-mundo/parte-colombia-robada-roosevelt/142043.aspx
http://eligio-del-awiizotl.blogspot.com/2010/07/noam-chomsky-estados-unidos-es-el-mayor.html
http://www.chomsky.info/
http://www.cubadebate.cu/categoria/autores/eva-golinger/
http://www.patriagrande.com.ve/temas/internacionales/los-gringos-se-robaron-el-dinero-de-las-ventas-de-petroleo-en-irak/
EEUU despilfarró miles de millones de dólares del area social de Irak
http://www.aporrea.org/tiburon/n164470.html
http://www.josecouso.info/
http://eligio-del-awiizotl.blogspot.com/2010/07/httpwikileaksorg-could-become-as.html
http://www.iraqbodycount.org/
“We don’t do body counts”.-General Tommy Franks
http://www.icasualties.org/
http://www.cubadebate.cu/reflexiones-fidel/2010/08/03/emplazamiento-al-presidente-de-estados-unidos/
"Hey, bad guys: If it is certain that you in God trust, you should not be afraid, just let the music play…!”.FIDEIIUS (Fideiius).
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